bib-refs.bib

@article{dainat2012a,
  title        = {Dead or {{Alive}}: {{Deformed Wing Virus}} and \textit{Varroa Destructor} {{Reduce}} the {{Life Span}} of {{Winter Honeybees}}},
  shorttitle   = {Dead or {{Alive}}},
  author       = {Dainat, Benjamin and Evans, Jay D. and Chen, Yan Ping and Gauthier, Laurent and Neumann, Peter},
  date         = {2012-02-15},
  journaltitle = {Applied and Environmental Microbiology},
  shortjournal = {Appl Environ Microbiol},
  volume       = {78},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {981--987},
  issn         = {0099-2240, 1098-5336},
  doi          = {10.1128/AEM.06537-11},
  url          = {https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AEM.06537-11},
  abstract     = {ABSTRACT                            Elevated winter losses of managed honeybee colonies are a major concern, but the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Among the suspects are the parasitic mite               Varroa destructor               , the microsporidian               Nosema ceranae               , and associated viruses. Here we hypothesize that pathogens reduce the life expectancy of winter bees, thereby constituting a proximate mechanism for colony losses. A monitoring of colonies was performed over 6 months in Switzerland from summer 2007 to winter 2007/2008. Individual dead workers were collected daily and quantitatively analyzed for deformed wing virus (DWV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV),               N. ceranae               , and expression levels of the               vitellogenin               gene as a biomarker for honeybee longevity. Workers from colonies that failed to survive winter had a reduced life span beginning in late fall, were more likely to be infected with DWV, and had higher DWV loads. Colony levels of infection with the parasitic mite               Varroa destructor               and individual infections with DWV were also associated with reduced honeybee life expectancy. In sharp contrast, the level of               N. ceranae               infection was not correlated with longevity. In addition,               vitellogenin               gene expression was significantly positively correlated with ABPV and               N. ceranae               loads. The findings strongly suggest that               V. destructor               and DWV (but neither               N. ceranae               nor ABPV) reduce the life span of winter bees, thereby constituting a parsimonious possible mechanism for honeybee colony losses.},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{adjlane2016,
  title        = {Evaluation of {{Oxalic Acid Treatments}} against the Mite \textit{Varroa Destructor} and {{Secondary Effects}} on Honey Bees \textit{Apis Mellifera}},
  author       = {Adjlane, Noureddine and Tarek, El-Ounass and Haddad, Nizar},
  date         = {2016-12},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases},
  shortjournal = {J Arthropod Borne Dis},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {4},
  eprint       = {28032102},
  pages        = {501--509},
  issn         = {2322-1984},
  abstract     = {BACKGROUND: The Varroa destructor varroasis is a very serious parasite of honeybee Apis mellifera. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Varroa treatment using organic acid (oxalic acid) in Algeria identifying its side effects on bee colonies. METHODS: Treatment was conducted in one apiary consisting 30 colonies kept in Langstroth hives kind. Oxalic acid dripped directly on bees 5ml of this solution of oxalic acid per lane occupied by a syringe. Three doses were tested: 4.2, 3.2 and 2.1\% oxalic acid is 100, 75 and 50 g of oxalic acid dehydrate in one litter of sugar syrup (1water to1 surge) concentration. RESULTS: The percentage of average efficiency obtained for the first dose was 81\%, 72.19\% for the second dose, and 65\% for third one, while the dose of 100 g oxalic acid causes a weakening of honey bee colonies. CONCLUSION: The experiments revealed that clear variation in the treatment efficiency among colonies that this might be related to brood presence therefore in order to assure the treatment efficiency oxalic acid should be part of a bigger strategy of Varroa treatment.},
  langid       = {english},
  keywords     = {Algeria,Apis mellifera,Effectiveness,Oxalic acid,Varroa destructor}
}

@article{altoufailia2015,
  title        = {Towards Integrated Control of Varroa: 2)Comparing Application Methods and Doses of Oxalic Acid on the Mortality of Phoretic \textit{Varroa Destructor} Mites and Their Honey Bee Hosts},
  shorttitle   = {Towards Integrated Control of Varroa},
  author       = {Al Toufailia, Hasan and Scandian, Luciano and Ratnieks, Francis L W},
  date         = {2015-03-15},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {54},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {108--120},
  issn         = {0021-8839, 2078-6913},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2015.1106777},
  url          = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00218839.2015.1106777},
  langid       = {english}
}

@unpublished{barrios2017,
  title    = {Eine Ökonomische Analyse Des Imkerei-Sektors in Deutschland},
  author   = {Barrios, Christine Oré and Mäurer, Eva and Lippert, Christian and Dabbert, Stephan},
  date     = {2017},
  url      = {https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/32437/},
  abstract = {Die Studie gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in die aktuelle Situation des Imkereisektors und seine volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung in Deutschland. Sie bezieht auch die eng mit dem Sektor verbundene Landwirtschaft mit ein, da diese beiden Sektoren sich wechselseitig beeinflussen und voneinander profitieren können. Dem Imkereisektor kommt speziell wegen der Honigbienenbestäubung im bestäubungsabhängigen Pflanzenbau eine hohe volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung zu. Die Wertschöpfung der Honigbienenbestäubung im Nahrungspflanzenanbau wird mit maximal 1,6 Milliarden Euro auf das bis zu 13-fache der berechneten Wertschöpfung für Honig- und Wachs (ca. 0,12 Milliarden Euro) geschätzt. Anhand der Experteneinschätzungen und der räumlichen Analyse am Beispiel Baden-Württembergs liegt jedoch die Vermutung nahe, dass die derzeitige Dichte an Bienenvölkern vor allem in großstrukturierten Agrarlandschaften und in Sonderkulturanbauregionen keine ausreichende, flächendeckende Bestäubung sicherstellt. Um die aktuellen Herausforderungen zu identifizieren und mögliche Maßnahmen zu konzipieren, die eine (Bestäubungs-)Zusammenarbeit zwischen Imkern und Landwirten zukünftig fördern könnten, wurde die Expertise von Fachleuten aus beiden Sektoren im Rahmen von Leitfadeninterviews, einer schriftlichen Befragung und einem Experten-Workshop zusammengetragen. Aufgrund der dabei gewonnen Erkenntnisse wird empfohlen (1) das Thema Insektenbestäubung verstärkt in der Aus- und Fortbildung und Fachberatung zu berücksichtigen, (2) mehr praxisbezogene Forschung zum Thema Bestäubung durchzuführen und dabei offene Fragen zur Auswirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Honigbienen und andere Bestäuberinsekten zu beantworten, (3) private und öffentliche Veranstaltungen, etwa Messen, Fachvorträge, Workshops, etc. für den Wissenstransfer zu nutzen, (4) private (Landwirt und Imker) und öffentliche Zusammenschlüsse (z.B.: Imker, Landwirte, Agrar- und Veterinärverwaltung) zu formen, (5) die Standorte von Bienenständen mit ihren jeweiligen Ansprechpartnern in einer zentralen Auskunftsplattform publik zu machen, sodass Landwirte ?bienenrelevanten Tätigkeiten? (z.B. der Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln) besser mit den betroffenen Imkern abstimmen können, (6) eine ausreichende finanzielle Förderung von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen und bienenfreundlichen Pflanzenschutztechniken zu gewährleisten, und (7) einen Bürokratieabbau in der Agrarverwaltung anzustreben. Ergänzend zeigt die Studie einen Datenmangel in verschiedenen Bereichen auf, welcher die ökonomische Analyse im Imkereisektor im Vergleich zu anderen Betriebszweigen der Tierhaltung erschwert.},
  keywords = {Bestäubungsleistung,Bienenhaltung,BOEL,BOELN,BÖL,BÖLN,FKZ 15NA073,Imkerei,volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung,Wertschöpfung}
}

@article{becsi2021,
  title        = {A Biophysical Approach to Assess Weather Impacts on Honey Bee Colony Winter Mortality},
  author       = {Becsi, Benedikt and Formayer, Herbert and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Royal Society Open Science},
  shortjournal = {R. Soc. Open Sci.},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {210618},
  doi          = {10.1098/rsos.210618},
  url          = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.210618},
  abstract     = {The western honey bee (Apis mellifera) is one of the most important insects kept by humans, but high colony losses are reported around the world. While the effects of general climatic conditions on colony winter mortality were already demonstrated, no study has investigated specific weather conditions linked to biophysical processes governing colony vitality. Here, we quantify the comparative relevance of four such processes that co-determine the colonies' fitness for wintering during the annual hive management cycle, using a 10-year dataset of winter colony mortality in Austria that includes 266 378 bee colonies. We formulate four process-based hypotheses for wintering success and operationalize them with weather indicators. The empirical data is used to fit simple and multiple linear regression models on different geographical scales. The results show that approximately 20\% of winter mortality variability can be explained by the analysed weather conditions, and that it is most sensitive to the duration of extreme cold spells in mid and late winter. Our approach shows the potential of developing weather indicators based on biophysical processes and discusses the way forward for applying them in climate change studies.}
}

@article{biesmeijer2006,
  title        = {Parallel {{Declines}} in {{Pollinators}} and {{Insect}}-{{Pollinated Plants}} in {{Britain}} and the {{Netherlands}}},
  author       = {Biesmeijer, J. C.},
  date         = {2006-07-21},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  shortjournal = {Science},
  volume       = {313},
  pages        = {351--354},
  issn         = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.1127863},
  url          = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1127863},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {5785}
}

@article{bixby2020,
  title        = {Honey {{Bee Queen Production}}: {{Canadian Costing Case Study}} and {{Profitability Analysis}}},
  shorttitle   = {Honey {{Bee Queen Production}}},
  author       = {Bixby, Miriam and Hoover, Shelley E and McCallum, Robyn and Ibrahim, Abdullah and Ovinge, Lynae and Olmstead, Sawyer and Pernal, Stephen F and Zayed, Amro and Foster, Leonard J and Guarna, M Marta},
  editor       = {Tarpy, David},
  date         = {2020-08-13},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
  volume       = {113},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1618--1627},
  issn         = {0022-0493, 1938-291X},
  doi          = {10.1093/jee/toaa102},
  url          = {https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/113/4/1618/5850328},
  abstract     = {Abstract             The decline in managed honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health worldwide has had a significant impact on the beekeeping industry. To mitigate colony losses, beekeepers in Canada and around the world introduce queens into replacement colonies; however, Canada’s short queen rearing season has historically limited the production of early season queens. As a result, Canadian beekeepers rely on the importation of foreign bees, particularly queens from warmer climates. Importing a large proportion of (often mal-adapted) queens each year creates a dependency on foreign bee sources, putting beekeeping, and pollination sectors at risk in the event of border closures, transportation issues, and other restrictions as is currently happening due to the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic. Although traditional Canadian queen production is unable to fully meet early season demand, increasing domestic queen production to meet mid- and later season demand would reduce Canada’s dependency. As well, on-going studies exploring the potential for overwintering queens in Canada may offer a strategy to have early season domestic queens available. Increasing the local supply of queens could provide Canadian beekeepers, farmers, and consumers with a greater level of agricultural stability and food security. Our study is the first rigorous analysis of the economic feasibility of queen production. We present the costs of queen production for three Canadian operations over two years. Our results show that it can be profitable for a beekeeping operation in Canada to produce queen cells and mated queens and could be one viable strategy to increase the sustainability of the beekeeping industry.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{bland1986,
  title        = {Statistical Methods for Assessing Agreement between Two Methods of Clinical Measurement},
  author       = {Bland, J Martin and Altman, DouglasG},
  date         = {1986},
  journaltitle = {The lancet},
  volume       = {327},
  pages        = {307--310},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8},
  number       = {8476}
}

@article{blazyte-cereskiene2010,
  title        = {Honey Bee Foraging in Spring Oilseed Rape Crops under High Ambient Temperature Conditions},
  author       = {Blazyte-Cereskiene, Laima and Vaitkevičienė, Gražina and Venskutonytė, Sandra and Buda, Vincas},
  date         = {2010-01},
  journaltitle = {Zemdirbyste-agriculture},
  shortjournal = {Zemdirbyste},
  volume       = {97}
}

@article{bolli1993,
  title        = {Zur {{Wirkungsweise}} von {{Ameisensäure}} Bei \textit{Varroa Jacobsoni} {{Oud}} Und Der {{Honigbiene}} (\textit{Apis Mellifera} {{L}})},
  author       = {Bolli, H. K. and Bogdanov, S. and Imdorf, A. and Fluri, P.},
  date         = {1993},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {24},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {51--57},
  issn         = {0044-8435},
  doi          = {10.1051/apido:19930106},
  url          = {http://www.apidologie.org/10.1051/apido:19930106}
}

@article{brodschneider2010a,
  title        = {Surveys as a Tool to Record Winter Losses of Honey Bee Colonies: A Two Year Case Study in {{Austria}} and {{South Tyrol}}},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf and Crailsheim, Karl},
  date         = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {49},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {23--30},
  issn         = {0021-8839}
}

@article{brodschneider2011,
  title        = {Völkerverluste Der Honigbiene: {{Risikofaktoren}} Für Die Bestäubungssicherheit in Österreich},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Crailsheim, Karl},
  date         = {2011-01},
  journaltitle = {Entomologica Austriaca},
  volume       = {18},
  pages        = {73--86}
}

@article{brodschneider2013,
  title        = {Fünf Jahre Untersuchung des Bienensterbens in Österreich.},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Crailsheim, Karl},
  date         = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Entomologica Austriaca},
  pages        = {195--205},
  langid       = {german},
  number       = {20}
}

@article{brodschneider2016,
  title        = {Preliminary Analysis of Loss Rates of Honey Bee Colonies during Winter 2015/16 from the {{COLOSS}} Survey},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Gray, Alison and van der Zee, Romée and Adjlane, Noureddine and Brusbardis, Valters and Charrière, Jean-Daniel and Chlebo, Robert and Coffey, Mary F and Crailsheim, Karl and Dahle, Bjørn and Danihlík, Jiří and Danneels, Ellen and de Graaf, Dirk C and Dražić, Marica Maja and Fedoriak, Mariia and Forsythe, Ivan and Golubovski, Miroljub and Gregorc, Ales and Grzęda, Urszula and Hubbuck, Ian and İvgin Tunca, Rahşan and Kauko, Lassi and Kilpinen, Ole and Kretavicius, Justinas and Kristiansen, Preben and Martikkala, Maritta and Martín-Hernández, Raquel and Mutinelli, Franco and Peterson, Magnus and Otten, Christoph and Ozkirim, Aslı and Raudmets, Aivar and Simon-Delso, Noa and Soroker, Victoria and Topolska, Grazyna and Vallon, Julien and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Woehl, Saskia},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2016-12-05},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {55},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {375--378},
  publisher    = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn         = {0021-8839},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2016.1260240},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2016.1260240}
}

@article{brodschneider2018,
  title        = {Multi-Country Loss Rates of Honey Bee Colonies during Winter 2016/2017 from the {{COLOSS}} Survey},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Gray, Alison and Adjlane, Noureddine and Ballis, Alexis and Brusbardis, Valters and Charrière, Jean Daniel and Chlebo, Robert and Coffey, Mary F. and Dahle, Bjørn and de Graaf, Dirk C. and Maja Dražić, Marica and Evans, Garth and Fedoriak, Mariia and Forsythe, Ivan and Gregorc, Aleš and Grzęda, Urszula and Hetzroni, Amots and Kauko, Lassi and Kristiansen, Preben and Martikkala, Maritta and Martín-Hernández, Raquel and Aurelio Medina-Flores, Carlos and Mutinelli, Franco and Raudmets, Aivar and A Ryzhikov, Vladimir and Simon-Delso, Noa and Stevanovic, Jevrosima and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Wöhl, Saskia and Zammit-Mangion, Marion and Danihlík, Jiří},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {57},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {452--457},
  publisher    = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn         = {20786913},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2018.1460911},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1460911},
  abstract     = {In this short note we present comparable loss rates of honey bee colonies during winter 2015/16 from 29 countries, obtained with the COLOSS questionnaire. Altogether, we received valid answers from 19,952 beekeepers. These beekeepers collectively wintered 421,238 colonies, and reported 18,587 colonies with unsolvable queen problems and 32,048 dead colonies after winter. This gives an overall loss rate of 12.0\% (95\% confidence interval 11.8–12.2\%) during winter 2015/16, with marked differences among countries. Beekeepers in the present study assessed 7.6\% (95\% CI 7.4–7.8\%) of their colonies as dead or empty, and 4.4\% (95\% CI 4.3–4.5\%) as having unsolvable queen problems after winter. The overall analysis showed that small operations suffered higher losses than larger ones. A table with detailed results and a map showing response and relative risks at regional level are presented.},
  keywords     = {Apis mellifera,beekeeping,citizen science,colony losses,monitoring,mortality,overwinter,survey}
}

@article{brodschneider2019a,
  title        = {Comparison of Apiculture and Winter Mortality of Honey Bee Colonies (\textit{Apis Mellifera}) in {{Austria}} and {{Czechia}}},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Brus, Jan and Danihlík, Jiří},
  date         = {2019-03-15},
  journaltitle = {Agriculture, Ecosystems \& Environment},
  volume       = {274},
  pages        = {24--32},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  issn         = {0167-8809},
  doi          = {10.1016/J.AGEE.2019.01.002},
  url          = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880919300027?via%3Dihub},
  abstract     = {Honey bees are the most important managed pollinators and provide income because of bee products. In Austria and Czechia, we monitored winter losses of honey bee colonies and also collected information on the apicultural sector, hive management, population dynamics and treatment against the mite Varroa destructor from 2013–14 to 2016–17. Numbers of beekeepers and colonies, colony density and percentage of beekeepers in human population are higher in Czechia than in Austria. Winter loss rates of honey bee colonies ranged from 8.1\% to 28.4\% in Austria and 6.4\% to 19.4\% in Czechia, with significantly higher loss rates in all 4 investigated winters in Austria. The portion of colonies lost because of living colonies with unsolvable queen problems ranged from 3.6 to 4.4\% in Austria and from 2.2 to 3.0\% in Czechia. Despite of colony losses during winter, colony production in summer allows for compensation or even expansion of colony populations in both countries. We identified differences between the two countries in the treatments applied by beekeepers against the parasitic varroa mite. In Austria, organic acids are most commonly used, whereas the application of synthetic acaricides is widely spread in Czechia. Our study points at the better understanding of apiculture and the importance of international comparisons to facilitate our knowledge on honey bee colony losses.}
}


@article{brodschneider2022,
  title        = {How {{COLOSS Monitoring}} and {{Research}} on {{Lost Honey Bee Colonies Can Support Colony Survival}}},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Gray, Alison and COLOSS Monitoring Core Project},
  date         = {2022-01-02},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {99},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {8--10},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.2021.1993611},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1993611},
  langid       = {english}
}


  @article{bruggen2011,
  title        = {Individual {{Differences}} in {{Motivation}} to {{Participate}} in {{Online Panels}}: {{The Effect}} on {{Reponse Rate}} and {{Reponse Quality Perceptions}}},
  shorttitle   = {Individual {{Differences}} in {{Motivation}} to {{Participate}} in {{Online Panels}}},
  author       = {Brüggen, Elisabeth and Wetzels, Martin and De Ruyter, Ko and Schillewaert, Niels},
  date         = {2011-05},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Market Research},
  shortjournal = {International Journal of Market Research},
  volume       = {53},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {369--390},
  issn         = {1470-7853, 2515-2173},
  doi          = {10.2501/IJMR-53-3-369-390},
  url          = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2501/IJMR-53-3-369-390},
  abstract     = {The majority of online research is now conducted via discontinuous online access panels, which promise high response rates, sampling control, access to populations that are hard to reach, and detailed information about respondents. To sustain a critical mass of respondents, overcome panel attrition and recruit new panel members, marketers must understand how they can predict and explain what motivates people to participate repeatedly in online surveys. Using the newly developed survey participation inventory (SPI) measure, we identify three clusters of participants, characterised as voicing assistants, reward seekers and intrinsics. Our results suggest that most online surveys are filled out by intrinsically motivated respondents that show higher participation rates, response effort and performance; incentives do not offer an important response motive.},
  langid       = {english}
}


@article{brodschneider2022a,
  title        = {Spatial Clusters of \textit{Varroa Destructor} Control Strategies in {{Europe}}},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Schlagbauer, Johannes and Arakelyan, Iliyana and Ballis, Alexis and Brus, Jan and Brusbardis, Valters and Cadahía, Luis and Charrière, Jean-Daniel and Chlebo, Robert and Coffey, Mary F. and Cornelissen, Bram and da Costa, Cristina Amaro and Danneels, Ellen and Danihlík, Jiří and Dobrescu, Constantin and Evans, Garth and Fedoriak, Mariia and Forsythe, Ivan and Gregorc, Aleš and Johannesen, Jes and Kauko, Lassi and Kristiansen, Preben and Martikkala, Maritta and Martín-Hernández, Raquel and Mazur, Ewa and Mutinelli, Franco and Patalano, Solenn and Raudmets, Aivar and Simon Delso, Noa and Stevanovic, Jevrosima and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Williams, Anthony and Gray, Alison},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2022-06-29},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Pest Science},
  shortjournal = {J Pest Sci},
  issn         = {1612-4758, 1612-4766},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10340-022-01523-2},
  url          = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10340-022-01523-2},
  abstract     = {Abstract                            Beekeepers have various options to control the parasitic mite               Varroa destructor               in honey bee colonies, but no empirical data are available on the methods they apply in practice. We surveyed 28,409 beekeepers maintaining 507,641 colonies in 30 European countries concerning               Varroa               control methods. The set of 19 different               Varroa               diagnosis and control measures was taken from the annual COLOSS questionnaire on honey bee colony losses. The most frequent activities were monitoring of               Varroa               infestations, drone brood removal, various oxalic acid applications and formic acid applications. Correspondence analysis and hierarchical clustering on principal components showed that six               Varroa               control options (not necessarily the most used ones) significantly contribute to defining three distinctive clusters of countries in terms of               Varroa               control in Europe. Cluster I (eight Western European countries) is characterized by use of amitraz strips. Cluster II comprises 15 countries from Scandinavia, the Baltics, and Central-Southern Europe. This cluster is characterized by long-term formic acid treatments. Cluster III is characterized by dominant usage of amitraz fumigation and formed by seven Eastern European countries. The median number of different treatments applied per beekeeper was lowest in cluster III. Based on estimation of colony numbers in included countries, we extrapolated the proportions of colonies treated with different methods in Europe. This suggests that circa 62\% of colonies in Europe are treated with amitraz, followed by oxalic acid for the next largest percentage of colonies. We discuss possible factors determining the choice of               Varroa               control measures in the different clusters.},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{bubnic2021,
  title        = {Three Pillars of {{Varroa}} Control},
  author       = {Bubnič, Jernej and Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf and Prešern, Janez and Moškrič, Ajda and Formato, Giovanni and Pietropaoli, Marco and Gregorc, Aleš and Muz, Mustafa Necati and Škerl, Maja Ivana Smodiš},
  date         = {2021-11-30},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  issn         = {0044-8435, 1297-9678},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13592-021-00903-4},
  url          = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13592-021-00903-4},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{buchler2020,
  title        = {Summer Brood Interruption as Integrated Management Strategy for Effective {\textit{Varroa}} Control in {{Europe}}},
  author       = {Büchler, R. and Uzunov, A. and Kovačić, M. and Prešern, J. and Pietropaoli, M. and Hatjina, F. and Pavlov, B. and Charistos, L. and Formato, G. and Galarza, E. and Gerula, D. and Gregorc, A. and Malagnini, V. and Meixner, M. D. and Nedić, N. and Puškadija, Z. and Rivera-Gomis, J. and Rogelj Jenko, M. and Smodiš Škerl, M. I. and Vallon, J. and Vojt, D. and Wilde, J. and Nanetti, A.},
  date         = {2020-07-24},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  pages        = {1--10},
  issn         = {0021-8839, 2078-6913},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2020.1793278},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00218839.2020.1793278},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{carman2011,
  title        = {The Estimated Impact of Bee Colony Collapse Disorder on Almond Pollination Fees},
  author       = {Carman, Hoy},
  date         = {2011-01},
  journaltitle = {Agricultural and Resource Economics Update},
  volume       = {14},
  pages        = {9--11}
}

@article{carreck1998,
  title        = {The Economic Value of Bees in the {{UK}}},
  author       = {Carreck, Norman and Williams, Ingrid},
  date         = {1998-01},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {79},
  pages        = {115--123},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.1998.11099393},
  url          = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.1998.11099393},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3}
}

@article{charriere2002,
  title        = {Oxalic Acid Treatment by Trickling against \textit{Varroa Destructor}: {{Recommendations}} for Use in Central {{Europe}} and under Temperate Climate Conditions},
  author       = {Charrière, Jean Daniel and Imdorf, Anton},
  date         = {2002},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  volume       = {83},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {51--60},
  issn         = {0005772X},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.2002.11099541},
  abstract     = {Treatment with oxalic acid against Varroa destructor in broodless colonies is very effective. The administration of this organic acid by trickling a solution onto the colony is up to now the easiest method of application. The formulation of this solution has however to be optimized to reach maximum efficacy without side effects on the bees. Results for central European conditions are presented in this article together with a small review of the subject.}
}

@article{chauzat2013,
  title        = {Demographics of the {{European Apicultural Industry}}},
  author       = {Chauzat, Marie-Pierre and Cauquil, Laura and Roy, Lise and Franco, Stéphanie and Hendrikx, Pascal and Ribière-Chabert, Magali},
  editor       = {{vanEngelsdorp}, Dennis},
  date         = {2013-11-13},
  journaltitle = {PLoS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {e79018},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0079018},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079018},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{christensen2021,
  title        = {When {{Your Permutation Test}} Is {{Doomed}} to {{Fail}}},
  author       = {Christensen, William F. and Zabriskie, Brinley N.},
  date         = {2021-04-22},
  journaltitle = {The American Statistician},
  shortjournal = {The American Statistician},
  pages        = {1--11},
  issn         = {0003-1305, 1537-2731},
  doi          = {10.1080/00031305.2021.1902856},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2021.1902856},
  langid       = {english}
}

@book{commission2014,
  title     = {Evaluation of Measures for the Apiculture Sector : Final Report},
  author    = {Commission, European and for Agriculture, Directorate-General and Development, Rural},
  date      = {2014},
  publisher = {{European Commission}}
}

@online{crailsheim2018,
  title        = {Future of Honey Bees - {{Basic}} Research for Project for Honey Bee Health and Bee Protection},
  author       = {Crailsheim, Karl and Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf and Brodschneider, Robert and Kalcher- Sommersguter, Elfriede and Morawetz, Linde and Schühly, Wolgang and Switanek, Matthew and Kuchling, Sabrina},
  date         = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Final report poject 'Zukunft Biene' 2014-2018 Austria},
  url          = {https://www.dafne.at/dafne_plus_homepage/index.php?section=dafneplus&content=result&come_from=homepage&&project_id=3326}
}

@online{crailsheim2018,
  title        = {Future of Honey Bees - {{Basic}} Research for Project for Honey Bee Health and Bee Protection},
  author       = {Crailsheim, Karl and Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf and Brodschneider, Robert and Kalcher- Sommersguter, Elfriede and Morawetz, Linde and Schühly, Wolgang and Switanek, Matthew and Kuchling, Sabrina},
  date         = {2018},
  url          = {https://www.dafne.at/dafne_plus_homepage/index.php?section=dafneplus&content=result&come_from=homepage&&project_id=3326},
  organization = {{Final report poject 'Zukunft Biene' 2014-2018 Austria}}
}

@article{dahle2010,
  title        = {The Role of \textit{Varroa Destructor} for Honey Bee Colony Losses in {{Norway}}},
  author       = {Dahle, Bjørn},
  date         = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {49},
  pages        = {124--125},
  issn         = {0021-8839},
  doi          = {10.3896/ibra.1.49.1.26},
  keywords     = {and several european countries,apis mellifera,are worried,ccd,colonies reported in the,colony losses,different,due to the severe,losses of honey bee,of colony collapse disorder,the beekeepers in norway,usa,varroa destructor,while a number of},
  number       = {1}
}

@article{dedej2000,
  title        = {A Technical and Economic Evaluation of Beekeeping in {{Albania}}},
  author       = {Dedej, Selim and Delaplane, Keith S and Gocaj, Ernest},
  date         = {2000-01},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {81},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {87--97},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.2000.11099476},
  url          = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.2000.11099476},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{dunn2003,
  title        = {Does Questionnaire Structure Influence Response in Postal Surveys?},
  author       = {Dunn, Kate M and Jordan, Kelvin and Croft, Peter R},
  date         = {2003-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Clinical Epidemiology},
  volume       = {56},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {10--16},
  issn         = {08954356},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00567-X},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S089543560200567X},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{fry1983,
  title        = {Honeybee {{Predation}} by {{Bee-Eaters}}, with {{Economic Considerations}}},
  author       = {Fry, C. H.},
  date         = {1983-01},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {64},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {65--78},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097918},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.1983.11097918},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{gallai2009,
  title        = {Economic Valuation of the Vulnerability of World Agriculture Confronted with Pollinator Decline},
  author       = {Gallai, Nicola and Salles, Jean-Michel and Settele, Josef and Vaissière, Bernard E.},
  date         = {2009-01-15},
  journaltitle = {Ecological Economics},
  volume       = {68},
  pages        = {810--821},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  issn         = {0921-8009},
  doi          = {10.1016/J.ECOLECON.2008.06.014},
  number       = {3}
}

@article{gashout2020,
  title        = {Impact of Sublethal Exposure to Synthetic and Natural Acaricides on Honey Bee (\textit{Apis Mellifera}) Memory and Expression of Genes Related to Memory},
  author       = {Gashout, Hanan A. and Guzman-Novoa, Ernesto and Goodwin, Paul H. and Correa-Benítez, Adriana},
  date         = {2020-02},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Insect Physiology},
  volume       = {121},
  pages        = {104014},
  issn         = {00221910},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104014},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022191019301945},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{genersch2010,
  title        = {The {{German}} Bee Monitoring Project: A Long Term Study to Understand Periodically High Winter Losses of Honey Bee Colonies},
  author       = {Genersch, Elke and von der Ohe, Werner and Kaatz, Hannes and Schroeder, Annette and Otten, Christoph and Büchler, Ralph and Berg, Stefan and Ritter, Wolfgang and Mühlen, Werner and Gisder, Sebastian and Meixner, Marina and Liebig, Gerhard and Rosenkranz, Peter},
  date         = {2010},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {41},
  pages        = {332--352},
  issn         = {0044-8435},
  doi          = {10.1051/apido/2010014},
  abstract     = {The Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the most important animal pollinator in agriculture worldwide providing more than 90\% of the commercial pollination services. Due to the development in agriculture the demands for honey bee pollination are steadily increasing stressing the pollination capacity of the global managed honey bee population. Hence, the long-term decline of managed honey bee hives in Europe and North-America is of great concern and stimulated intensive research into the possible factors presumably causing honey bee colony collapse. We here present a four-year study involving more than 1200 bee colonies from about 120 apiaries which were monitored for the entire study period. Bee samples were collected twice a year to analyze various pathogenic factors including the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, fungi (Nosema spec., Ascosphaera apis), the bacterium Paenibacillus larvae, and several viruses. Data on environmental factors, beekeeping management practice, and pesticides were also collected. All data were statistically analyzed in respect to the overwintering mortality of the colonies. We can demonstrate for several factors that they are significantly related to the observed winter losses of the monitored honey bee colonies: (i) high varroa infestation level, (ii) infection with deformed wing virus (DWV) and acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV) in autumn, (iii) queen age, and (iv) weakness of the colonies in autumn. No effects could be observed for Nosema spec. or pesticides. The implications of these findings will be discussed. © 2010 INRA/DIB-AGIB/EDP Sciences.},
  number       = {3},
  options      = {useprefix=true}
}

@article{goritz2006,
  title        = {Incentives in Web Studies: {{Methodological}} Issues and a Review},
  author       = {Göritz, Anja},
  date         = {2006-03},
  journaltitle = {International Journal of Internet Science},
  volume       = {1},
  pages        = {58--70},
  url          = {https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26495338_Incentives_in_Web_Studies_Methodological_Issues_and_a_Review}
}

@article{goulson2015,
  title        = {Bee Declines Driven by Combined {{Stress}} from Parasites, Pesticides, and Lack of Flowers},
  author       = {Goulson, Dave and Nicholls, Elizabeth and Botías, Cristina and Rotheray, Ellen L.},
  date         = {2015},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  issn         = {10959203},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.1255957},
  abstract     = {Bees are subject to numerous pressures in the modern world. The abundance and diversity of flowers has declined; bees are chronically exposed to cocktails of agrochemicals, and they are simultaneously exposed to novel parasites accidentally spread by humans. Climate change is likely to exacerbate these problems in the future. Stressors do not act in isolation; for example, pesticide exposure can impair both detoxification mechanisms and immune responses, rendering bees more susceptible to parasites. It seems certain that chronic exposure to multiple interacting stressors is driving honey bee colony losses and declines of wild pollinators, but such interactions are not addressed by current regulatory procedures, and studying these interactions experimentally poses a major challenge. In the meantime, taking steps to reduce stress on bees would seem prudent; incorporating flower-rich habitat into farmland, reducing pesticide use through adopting more sustainable farming methods, and enforcing effective quarantine measures on bee movements are all practical measures that should be adopted. Effective monitoring of wild pollinator populations is urgently needed to inform management strategies into the future.}
}

@article{gratzer2021,
  title        = {How and Why Beekeepers Participate in the {{INSIGNIA}} Citizen Science Honey Bee Environmental Monitoring Project},
  author       = {Gratzer, Kristina and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2021-03-16},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},
  shortjournal = {Environ Sci Pollut Res},
  issn         = {0944-1344, 1614-7499},
  doi          = {10.1007/s11356-021-13379-7},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-021-13379-7},
  abstract     = {Abstract             In the “contributory” citizen science project INSIGNIA, beekeepers carried out non-invasive sampling of their own honey bee colonies for an environmental investigation of pesticide residues and pollen plant origin. We surveyed several traits and attitudes of 69 of the volunteering beekeepers from ten countries. We found that their motivation was similar to that found in previous studies of environmental volunteer motivation, with helping the environment and contributing to scientific knowledge being strong motivators. Our results suggest that receiving laboratory analysis results of the samples from their colonies is the most meaningful way of appreciation for beekeepers, but is not their primary reason for participation. A citizen scientist beekeeper in this study spent on average 10.4 working hours on the project during a sampling season. Our study indicates that most of our volunteers would participate in similar future investigations, or would recommend participation to other beekeepers, underlining the potential of beekeepers as citizen scientists in honey bee research.},
  langid       = {english}
}


@article{brodschneider2018,
  title        = {Multi-Country Loss Rates of Honey Bee Colonies during Winter 2016/2017 from the {{COLOSS}} Survey},
  author       = {Brodschneider, Robert and Gray, Alison and Adjlane, Noureddine and Ballis, Alexis and Brusbardis, Valters and Charrière, Jean Daniel and Chlebo, Robert and Coffey, Mary F. and Dahle, Bjørn and de Graaf, Dirk C. and Maja Dražić, Marica and Evans, Garth and Fedoriak, Mariia and Forsythe, Ivan and Gregorc, Aleš and Grzęda, Urszula and Hetzroni, Amots and Kauko, Lassi and Kristiansen, Preben and Martikkala, Maritta and Martín-Hernández, Raquel and Aurelio Medina-Flores, Carlos and Mutinelli, Franco and Raudmets, Aivar and A Ryzhikov, Vladimir and Simon-Delso, Noa and Stevanovic, Jevrosima and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Wöhl, Saskia and Zammit-Mangion, Marion and Danihlík, Jiří},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2018},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {57},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {452--457},
  publisher    = {{Taylor \& Francis}},
  issn         = {20786913},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2018.1460911},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1460911},
  abstract     = {In this short note we present comparable loss rates of honey bee colonies during winter 2015/16 from 29 countries, obtained with the COLOSS questionnaire. Altogether, we received valid answers from 19,952 beekeepers. These beekeepers collectively wintered 421,238 colonies, and reported 18,587 colonies with unsolvable queen problems and 32,048 dead colonies after winter. This gives an overall loss rate of 12.0\% (95\% confidence interval 11.8–12.2\%) during winter 2015/16, with marked differences among countries. Beekeepers in the present study assessed 7.6\% (95\% CI 7.4–7.8\%) of their colonies as dead or empty, and 4.4\% (95\% CI 4.3–4.5\%) as having unsolvable queen problems after winter. The overall analysis showed that small operations suffered higher losses than larger ones. A table with detailed results and a map showing response and relative risks at regional level are presented.},
  keywords     = {Apis mellifera,beekeeping,citizen science,colony losses,monitoring,mortality,overwinter,survey}
}

@article{gray2020,
  title        = {Honey Bee Colony Winter Loss Rates for 35 Countries Participating in the {{COLOSS}} Survey for Winter 2018–2019, and the Effects of a New Queen on the Risk of Colony Winter Loss},
  author       = {Gray, Alison and Adjlane, Noureddine and Arab, Alireza and Ballis, Alexis and Brusbardis, Valters and Charrière, Jean-Daniel and Chlebo, Robert and Coffey, Mary F. and Cornelissen, Bram and Amaro da Costa, Cristina and Dahle, Bjørn and Danihlík, Jiří and Dražić, Marica Maja and Evans, Garth and Fedoriak, Mariia and Forsythe, Ivan and Gajda, Anna and de Graaf, Dirk C. and Gregorc, Aleš and Ilieva, Iliyana and Johannesen, Jes and Kauko, Lassi and Kristiansen, Preben and Martikkala, Maritta and Martín-Hernández, Raquel and Medina-Flores, Carlos Aurelio and Mutinelli, Franco and Patalano, Solenn and Raudmets, Aivar and Martin, Gilles San and Soroker, Victoria and Stevanovic, Jevrosima and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Vejsnaes, Flemming and Williams, Anthony and Zammit-Mangion, Marion and Brodschneider, Robert},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2020-08-11},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  pages        = {1--8},
  issn         = {0021-8839, 2078-6913},
  doi          = {10.1080/00218839.2020.1797272},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00218839.2020.1797272},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{gregorc2000a,
  title        = {Decision-Tree Analysis of \textit{Varroa Jacobsoni} Control in Honeybee Colonies in {{Slovenia}}.},
  author       = {Gregorc, A. and Curk, A.},
  date         = {2000},
  journaltitle = {Slovenian Veterinary Research},
  shortjournal = {Slovenian Veterinary Research},
  volume       = {37},
  pages        = {145--152},
  publisher    = {{Veterinarska Fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani}},
  location     = {{Ljubljana}},
  issn         = {1580-4003},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3}
}

@article{griffiths1981,
  title        = {World {{Distribution}} of the {{Mite}} {{{\textit{Varroa Jacobsoni}}}}, {{A Parasite}} of {{Honeybees}}},
  author       = {Griffiths, D. A. and Bowman, C. E.},
  date         = {1981-01},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {62},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {154--163},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.1981.11097839},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.1981.11097839},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{guichard2020,
  title        = {Advances and Perspectives in Selecting Resistance Traits against the Parasitic Mite \textit{Varroa Destructor} in Honey Bees},
  author       = {Guichard, Matthieu and Dietemann, Vincent and Neuditschko, Markus and Dainat, Benjamin},
  date         = {2020-12},
  journaltitle = {Genetics Selection Evolution},
  shortjournal = {Genet Sel Evol},
  volume       = {52},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {71},
  issn         = {1297-9686},
  doi          = {10.1186/s12711-020-00591-1},
  url          = {https://gsejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12711-020-00591-1},
  abstract     = {Abstract                            Background                                In spite of the implementation of control strategies in honey bee (                 Apis mellifera                 ) keeping, the invasive parasitic mite                 Varroa destructor                 remains one of the main causes of colony losses in numerous countries. Therefore, this parasite represents a serious threat to beekeeping and agro-ecosystems that benefit from the pollination services provided by honey bees. To maintain their stocks, beekeepers have to treat their colonies with acaricides every year. Selecting lineages that are resistant to infestations is deemed to be a more sustainable approach.                                                        Review                                Over the last three decades, numerous selection programs have been initiated to improve the host–parasite relationship and to support honey bee survival in the presence of the parasite without the need for acaricide treatments. Although resistance traits have been included in the selection strategy of honey bees, it has not been possible to globally solve the                 V. destructor                 problem. In this study, we review the literature on the reasons that have potentially limited the success of such selection programs. We compile the available information to assess the relevance of selected traits and the potential environmental effects that distort trait expression and colony survival. Limitations to the implementation of these traits in the field are also discussed.                                                        Conclusions                                Improving our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying resistance to                 V. destructor                 to increase trait relevance, optimizing selection programs to reduce environmental effects, and communicating selection outcomes are all crucial to efforts aiming at establishing a balanced relationship between the invasive parasite and its new host.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{hallmann2017,
  title        = {More than 75 Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas},
  author       = {Hallmann, Caspar A. and Sorg, Martin and Jongejans, Eelke and Siepel, Henk and Hofland, Nick and Schwan, Heinz and Stenmans, Werner and Müller, Andreas and Sumser, Hubert and Hörren, Thomas and Goulson, Dave and de Kroon, Hans},
  editor       = {Lamb, Eric Gordon},
  date         = {2017-10-18},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {12},
  pages        = {e0185809},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0185809},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {10},
  options      = {useprefix=true}
}

@book{heeringa2010,
  title      = {Applied Survey Data Analysis},
  author     = {Heeringa, Steven and West, Brady T. and Berglund, Patricia A.},
  date       = {2010},
  publisher  = {{Chapman \& Hall/CRC}},
  location   = {{Boca Raton, FL}},
  annotation = {OCLC: ocn226357307},
  isbn       = {978-1-4200-8066-7},
  keywords   = {Social sciences,Social surveys,Statistical methods,Statistics},
  pagetotal  = {467},
  series     = {Chapman \& {{Hall}}/{{CRC}} Statistics in the Social and Behavioral Sciences Series}
}

@article{hothorn2006,
  title        = {A {{Lego System}} for {{Conditional Inference}}},
  author       = {Hothorn, Torsten and Hornik, Kurt and van de Wiel, Mark A and Zeileis, Achim},
  date         = {2006-08},
  journaltitle = {The American Statistician},
  shortjournal = {The American Statistician},
  volume       = {60},
  pages        = {257--263},
  issn         = {0003-1305, 1537-2731},
  doi          = {10.1198/000313006X118430},
  url          = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1198/000313006X118430},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3},
  options      = {useprefix=true}
}

@manual{isotree2021,
  title  = {isotree: Isolation-Based Outlier Detection},
  author = {David Cortes},
  year   = {2021},
  note   = {R package version 0.3.0},
  url    = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=isotree}
}

@article{jacques2017,
  title        = {A Pan-{{European}} Epidemiological Study Reveals Honey Bee Colony Survival Depends on Beekeeper Education and Disease Control},
  author       = {Jacques, Antoine and Laurent, Marion and {EPILOBEE Consortium} and Ribière-Chabert, Magali and Saussac, Mathilde and Bougeard, Stéphanie and Budge, Giles E. and Hendrikx, Pascal and Chauzat, Marie-Pierre},
  editor       = {Chaline, Nicolas},
  date         = {2017-03-09},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {12},
  pages        = {e0172591},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0172591},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172591},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3}
}



@article{kast2020,
  title        = {Distribution of Coumaphos in Beeswax after Treatment of Honeybee Colonies with {{CheckMite}}® against the Parasitical Mite \textit{Varroa Destructor}},
  author       = {Kast, Christina and Kilchenmann, Verena and Droz, Benoît},
  date         = {2020-02},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {51},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {112--122},
  issn         = {0044-8435, 1297-9678},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13592-019-00724-6},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13592-019-00724-6},
  abstract     = {Abstract             We studied the distribution of coumaphos in beeswax after a single application of CheckMite® to 15 bee colonies in the fall according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Immediately after the treatment, residue levels were especially elevated in the wax that came into contact with the CheckMite® strips. During the following spring season, coumaphos levels ranged from 36 to 159 mg/kg in the wax of the brood frames next to the CheckMite® strips, and residue levels were about 10 times lower in the wax of frames that did not come into contact with the strips. Beeswax that was newly constructed 5 months after removing the treatment strips contained up to 7.3 mg/kg of coumaphos, and up to 0.5 and 2.3 mg/kg was detected in the honeycomb and capping wax, respectively. These results suggest that beeswax exposed to CheckMite® should not be recycled in order to prevent elevated concentrations of coumaphos in new foundations and hence to prevent honeybee larvae from being exposed to detrimental residue levels.},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{kast2021,
  title        = {Long‐term Monitoring of Lipophilic Acaricide Residues in Commercial {{{\textsc{Swiss}}}} Beeswax},
  shorttitle   = {Long‐term Monitoring of Lipophilic Acaricide Residues in Commercial},
  author       = {Kast, Christina and Kilchenmann, Verena and Charrière, Jean‐Daniel},
  date         = {2021-05-11},
  journaltitle = {Pest Management Science},
  shortjournal = {Pest Manag Sci},
  pages        = {ps.6427},
  issn         = {1526-498X, 1526-4998},
  doi          = {10.1002/ps.6427},
  url          = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.6427},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{kearns1998,
  title        = {{{ENDANGERED MUTUALISMS}}: {{The Conservation}} of {{Plant}}-{{Pollinator Interactions}}},
  shorttitle   = {{{ENDANGERED MUTUALISMS}}},
  author       = {Kearns, Carol A. and Inouye, David W. and Waser, Nickolas M.},
  date         = {1998-11},
  journaltitle = {Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics},
  shortjournal = {Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.},
  volume       = {29},
  pages        = {83--112},
  issn         = {0066-4162},
  doi          = {10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83},
  url          = {http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {1}
}




@article{klein2007,
  title        = {Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops},
  author       = {Klein, Alexandra-Maria and Vaissière, Bernard E and Cane, James H and Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf and Cunningham, Saul A and Kremen, Claire and Tscharntke, Teja},
  date         = {2007-02-07},
  journaltitle = {Proceedings. Biological sciences},
  shortjournal = {Proc Biol Sci},
  volume       = {274},
  pages        = {303--313},
  publisher    = {{The Royal Society}},
  issn         = {0962-8452},
  doi          = {10.1098/rspb.2006.3721},
  url          = {https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17164193},
  abstract     = {The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60\% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35\% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5\% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.},
  keywords     = {Agriculture/*statistics & numerical data,Animals,Conservation of Natural Resources,Crops; Agricultural/*physiology,Insecta/*physiology,Pollen/*physiology,Reproduction/physiology},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {1608}
}




@article{krause1981,
  title        = {Honey {{Bee Pollination}} and {{Visitation Patterns}} on {{Hybrid Oilseed Sunflowers}} in {{Central Wyoming}} ({{Hymenoptera}}: {{Apidae}})},
  author       = {Krause, G. L. and Wilson, W. T.},
  date         = {1981},
  journaltitle = {Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society},
  volume       = {54},
  pages        = {75--82},
  publisher    = {{Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society}},
  issn         = {00228567, 19372353},
  abstract     = {[Studies conducted in central Wyoming with three hybrid varieties of oilseed sunflowers, Helianthus annuus L., unbagged (open) heads had significantly more developed seeds and higher total seed weight than bagged heads. However, there were no quantitative differences in the oil content of developed seeds. Varietal differences were observed with \#894 producing a significantly greater total weight of all seeds than the cougar variety; however, no statistical differences were noted between varieties in oil content or the number of undeveloped seeds in the bagged heads. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., entered the field and visited blossoms between 7 and 8 a.m. (about 65°F), and most had left by 6 p.m. peak numbers of honey bees, about 1 bee per 3 or 4 sunflower heads, were observed each day at about 1 p.m. and again at 5 p.m. Although bees visited blossoms when 10\% of the heads were open, bee activity was highest during 90\% bloom. Honey bees accounted for about 80\% of individuals working on sunflower heads with several other species of insects making up the balance of the pollinators.]},
  number       = {1}
}


@article{mezher2021,
  title        = {Conducting an {{International}}, {{Exploratory Survey}} to {{Collect Data}} on {{Honey Bee Disease Management}} and {{Control}}},
  author       = {Mezher, Ziad and Bubnic, Jernej and Condoleo, Roberto and Jannoni-Sebastianini, Filippo and Leto, Andrea and Proscia, Francesco and Formato, Giovanni},
  date         = {2021-08-09},
  journaltitle = {Applied Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Applied Sciences},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {16},
  pages        = {7311},
  issn         = {2076-3417},
  doi          = {10.3390/app11167311},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/16/7311},
  abstract     = {The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana (IZSLT) and the International Federation of Beekeepers’ Associations (Apimondia) set up a worldwide survey in 2015–2017 to gather information on beekeepers’ perceptions concerning good beekeeping practices, the main honey bee diseases, and the technical assistance they receive. The on-line dissemination of the survey was facilitated by the “Technologies and Practices for Small Agricultural Producers” platform (TECA) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In total, 248 questionnaires were received from the European region and the results are reported here. Varroosis remains the biggest concern and is the most important reason for beekeepers’ use of veterinary medicines. However, a sustainable approach to managing Varroa was detected. American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB) infections are mainly managed through the shook swarm technique or burning the hives. Concerning technical assistance for disease management, beekeepers were mainly supported by their associations or expert beekeepers. Relevant data were collected and analyzed but information from many low-income countries in Africa or Asia is still missing, and more efforts are needed to fill the knowledge gaps.},
  langid       = {english}
}


@book{kirner2021,
  title     = {Lebenswelten und Werthaltungen junger Menschen im agrarischen Schulwesen in Österreich.},
  author    = {Kirner, Leopold},
  date      = {2021},
  publisher = {{StudienVerlag Ges.m.b.H}},
  isbn      = {978-3-7065-6203-4},
  langid    = {german}
}





@article{buskirk2018,
  title        = {An {{Introduction}} to {{Machine Learning Methods}} for {{Survey Researchers}}},
  author       = {Buskirk, Trent D. and Kirchner, Antje and Eck, Adam and Signorino, Curtis S.},
  date         = {2018-01-03},
  journaltitle = {Survey Practice},
  shortjournal = {Surv Pract},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1--10},
  issn         = {21680094},
  doi          = {10.29115/SP-2018-0004},
  url          = {https://surveypractice.scholasticahq.com/article/2718-an-introduction-to-machine-learning-methods-for-survey-researchers}
}



@article{vaes-petignat2014,
  title        = {Environmental and Economic Impact of Alien Terrestrial Arthropods in {{Europe}}},
  author       = {Vaes-Petignat, Sibylle and Nentwig, Wolfgang},
  date         = {2014-06-26},
  journaltitle = {NeoBiota},
  shortjournal = {NB},
  volume       = {22},
  pages        = {23--42},
  issn         = {1314-2488, 1619-0033},
  doi          = {10.3897/neobiota.22.6620},
  url          = {http://neobiota.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=1275}
}





@article{kristiansen2022,
  title        = {Is {{COLOSS}} an {{Ivory Tower}} of {{Beekeeping Science}}? {{Efforts}} to {{Bridge Research}} and {{Practice}} ({{B-RAP}})},
  shorttitle   = {Is {{COLOSS}} an {{Ivory Tower}} of {{Beekeeping Science}}?},
  author       = {Fabricius Kristiansen, Lotta and Kristiansen, Preben and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Morawetz, Linde},
  date         = {2022-01-02},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {99},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {5--7},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.2021.1993612},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1993612},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{kwak2017,
  title        = {Statistical Data Preparation: Management of Missing Values and Outliers},
  shorttitle   = {Statistical Data Preparation},
  author       = {Kwak, Sang Kyu and Kim, Jong Hae},
  date         = {2017},
  journaltitle = {Korean Journal of Anesthesiology},
  shortjournal = {Korean J Anesthesiol},
  volume       = {70},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {407},
  issn         = {2005-6419, 2005-7563},
  doi          = {10.4097/kjae.2017.70.4.407},
  url          = {http://ekja.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4097/kjae.2017.70.4.407},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{lee2015,
  title        = {A National Survey of Managed Honey Bee 2013-2014 Annual Colony Losses in the {{USA}}},
  author       = {Lee, Kathleen V. and Steinhauer, Nathalie and Rennich, Karen and Wilson, Michael E. and Tarpy, David R. and Caron, Dewey M. and Rose, Robyn and Delaplane, Keith S. and Baylis, Kathy and Lengerich, Eugene J. and Pettis, Jeff and Skinner, John A. and Wilkes, James T. and Sagili, Ramesh and {vanEngelsdorp}, Dennis},
  date         = {2015-05},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {46},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {292--305},
  issn         = {0044-8435, 1297-9678},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13592-015-0356-z},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13592-015-0356-z},
  langid       = {english}
}

@inproceedings{liu2008,
  title      = {Isolation {{Forest}}},
  booktitle  = {2008 {{Eighth IEEE International Conference}} on {{Data Mining}}},
  author     = {Liu, Fei Tony and Ting, Kai Ming and Zhou, Zhi-Hua},
  date       = {2008-12},
  pages      = {413--422},
  publisher  = {{IEEE}},
  location   = {{Pisa, Italy}},
  doi        = {10.1109/ICDM.2008.17},
  url        = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4781136/},
  eventtitle = {2008 {{Eighth IEEE International Conference}} on {{Data Mining}} ({{ICDM}})},
  isbn       = {978-0-7695-3502-9}
}

@article{locke2016,
  title        = {Natural {{Varroa}} Mite-Surviving \textit{Apis Mellifera} Honeybee Populations},
  author       = {Locke, Barbara},
  date         = {2016-05},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {47},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {467--482},
  issn         = {0044-8435, 1297-9678},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13592-015-0412-8},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13592-015-0412-8},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{lodesani2019,
  title        = {Evaluation of Early Spring Bio-Technical Management Techniques to Control Varroosis in \textit{Apis Mellifera}},
  author       = {Lodesani, Marco and Franceschetti, Simone and Dall’Ollio, Raffaele},
  date         = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {50},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {131--140},
  issn         = {12979678},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13592-018-0621-z},
  abstract     = {More than 30 years after the first infestation report on Apis mellifera , varroa mites are still damaging honey bee health. The present paper reports data from a field experiment concerning two early spring (late February) bio-technical management techniques: early brood interruption (through queen caging) and early trapping comb (through the use ofa single trapping comb). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact ofboth techniques on colony development, mite population growth and honey production during the 6 months following the treatments. We observed that the early season queen handling and technical management ofthe colonies were able to affect mite reproduction resulting in a lower infestation rate, especially in the brood interruption group, while not causing any repercussion on the honey harvest and seasonal colony development and performance.},
  keywords     = {bio-techniques,queen caging,trapping comb,varroa control,Varroa destructor}
}

@article{mancuso2020,
  title        = {Total {{Brood Removal}} and {{Other Biotechniques}} for the {{Sustainable Control}} of {\textit{Varroa} Mites} in {{Honey Bee Colonies}}: {{Economic Impact}} in {{Beekeeping Farm Case Studies}} in {{Northwestern Italy}}},
  shorttitle   = {Total {{Brood Removal}} and {{Other Biotechniques}} for the {{Sustainable Control}} of {{Varroa Mites}} in {{Honey Bee Colonies}}},
  author       = {Mancuso, Teresina and Croce, Luca and Vercelli, Monica},
  date         = {2020-03-16},
  journaltitle = {Sustainability},
  shortjournal = {Sustainability},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {2302},
  issn         = {2071-1050},
  doi          = {10.3390/su12062302},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/6/2302},
  abstract     = {Honey bee colonies are affected by many threats, and the Varroa mite represents one of the most important causes of honey bee disease. The control of the Varroa population is managed by different methods, and in recent years, biotechnical practices are considered preferable to chemical approaches in order to safeguard honey bee health and avoid residues in bee products as well as the appearance of acaricide resistance. However, little is known about the economic performance of beekeeping exploitations in relation to the methods used for tackling Varroa. This study aims to investigate the economic impact of total brood removal (TBR) as a biotechnique to keep Varroa mites under control, and compare this to other common biotechniques and chemical Varroa control in numerous Italian beekeeping case studies. A pool of economic and technical indexes was proposed. The proposed index pool can be included in the development of an expert system (such as a decision support system) able to address the optimal management of this very complex activity, which requires natural resources, land protection, capital and high technical skills. The result showed that the adoption of the TBR biotechnique vs. other biotechniques led to an increase in terms of total revenue (increase values ranging from 11\% to 28\%) even though more labor is needed (increase values ranging from 43 to 83 min/hive) and a loss of honey production could be recorded in some cases. Additionally, the total expenses, represented mainly by supplemental nutrition and treatments with oxalic acid, affected the economic results of the biotechnical practices. The use of biotechniques vs. chemical control resulted in decreased treatment costs and increased feeding costs. The advantages resulting from not using synthetic acaricides (which are dangerous for honey bee and human health as well as the environment) as well as the advantages linked to the production of new nuclei (which are involved in the maintenance of bee stock and counteract the decline in honey bee population) and pollination ecosystem services could make beekeeping farms more resilient over time.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{mishra2013,
  title        = {Inorganic {{Nitrogen Derived}} from {{Foraging Honey Bees Could Have Adaptive Benefits}} for the {{Plants They Visit}}},
  author       = {Mishra, Archana and Afik, Ohad and Cabrera, Miguel L. and Delaplane, Keith S. and Mowrer, Jason E.},
  editor       = {Auge, Harald},
  date         = {2013-07-29},
  journaltitle = {PLoS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {8},
  pages        = {e70591},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0070591},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070591},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {7}
}

@article{mondet2020,
  title        = {Evaluation of Suppressed Mite Reproduction ({{SMR}}) Reveals Potential for \textit{Varroa} Resistance in European Honey Bees (\textit{Apis Mellifera} l.)},
  author       = {Mondet, Fanny and Parejo, Melanie and Meixner, Marina D. and Costa, Cecilia and Kryger, Per and Andonov, Sreten and Servin, Bertrand and Basso, Benjamin and Bieńkowska, Małgorzata and Bigio, Gianluigi and Căuia, Eliza and Cebotari, Valentina and Dahle, Bjorn and Dražić, Marica Maja and Hatjina, Fani and Kovačić, Marin and Kretavicius, Justinas and Lima, Ana S. and Panasiuk, Beata and Pinto, M. Alice and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Wilde, Jerzy and Büchler, Ralph},
  date         = {2020},
  journaltitle = {Insects},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {9},
  issn         = {2075-4450},
  doi          = {10.3390/insects11090595},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/11/9/595},
  abstract     = {In the fight against the Varroa destructor mite, selective breeding of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations that are resistant to the parasitic mite stands as a sustainable solution. Selection initiatives indicate that using the suppressed mite reproduction (SMR) trait as a selection criterion is a suitable tool to breed such resistant bee populations. We conducted a large European experiment to evaluate the SMR trait in different populations of honey bees spread over 13 different countries, and representing different honey bee genotypes with their local mite parasites. The first goal was to standardize and validate the SMR evaluation method, and then to compare the SMR trait between the different populations. Simulation results indicate that it is necessary to examine at least 35 single-infested cells to reliably estimate the SMR score of any given colony. Several colonies from our dataset display high SMR scores indicating that this trait is present within the European honey bee populations. The trait is highly variable between colonies and some countries, but no major differences could be identified between countries for a given genotype, or between genotypes in different countries. This study shows the potential to increase selective breeding efforts of V. destructor resistant populations.}
}








@article{mondet2020a,
  title        = {Honey Bee Survival Mechanisms against the Parasite \textit{Varroa Destructor}: A Systematic Review of Phenotypic and Genomic Research Efforts},
  shorttitle   = {Honey Bee Survival Mechanisms against the Parasite {{Varroa}} Destructor},
  author       = {Mondet, Fanny and Beaurepaire, Alexis and McAfee, Alison and Locke, Barbara and Alaux, Cédric and Blanchard, Solene and Danka, Bob and Le Conte, Yves},
  date         = {2020-05},
  journaltitle = {International Journal for Parasitology},
  shortjournal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
  pages        = {S002075192030093X},
  issn         = {00207519},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.03.005},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002075192030093X},
  langid       = {english}
}

@misc{moosbeckhofer2015,
  title     = {Varroa-{{Bekämpfung}} Einfach-Sicher-Erfolgreich. 2 {{Völlig Neu Bearbeitete Auflage}}},
  author    = {Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf and Köglberger, Hemma and Derakhshifar, Irmgard and Morawetz, Linde and Boigenzahn, Christian and Oberrisser, Wolfgang},
  date      = {2015},
  publisher = {{Biene Österreich}}
}

@article{morawetz2019,
  title        = {Health Status of Honey Bee Colonies (\textit{Apis Mellifera}) and Disease-Related Risk Factors for Colony Losses in {{Austria}}},
  author       = {Morawetz, Linde and Köglberger, Hemma and Griesbacher, Antonia and Derakhshifar, Irmgard and Crailsheim, Karl and Brodschneider, Robert and Moosbeckhofer, Rudolf},
  date         = {2019},
  journaltitle = {Plos One},
  volume       = {14},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {e0219293},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0219293},
  abstract     = {Austrian beekeepers frequently suffered severe colony losses during the last decade similar to trends all over Europe. This first surveillance study aimed to describe the health status of Austrian bee colonies and to analyze the reasons for losses for both the summer and winter season in Austria. In this study 189 apiaries all over Austria were selected using a stratified random sampling approach and inspected three times between July 2015 and spring 2016 by trained bee inspectors. The inspectors made interviews with the beekeepers about their beekeeping practice and the history of the involved colonies. They inspected a total of 1596 colonies for symptoms of nine bee pests and diseases (four of them notifiable diseases) and took bee samples for varroa mite infestation analysis. The most frequently detected diseases were three brood diseases: Varroosis, Chalkbrood and Sacbrood. The notifiable bee pests Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps spp. were not detected. During the study period 10.8\% of the 1596 observed colonies died. Winter proved to be the most critical season, in which 75\% of the reported colony losses happened. Risks for suffering summer losses increased significantly, when colonies were weak in July, had queen problems or a high varroa mite infestation level on bees in July. Risks for suffering winter losses increased significantly, when the colonies had a high varroa mite infestation level on bees in September, were weak in September, had a queen older than one year or the beekeeper had few years of beekeeping experience. However, the effect of a high varroa mite infestation level in September had by far the greatest potential to raise the winter losses compared to the other significant factors.}
}

@book{mpi2020,
  title     = {2020 {{Apiculture Monitoring Programme}}},
  author    = {MPI, NZ},
  date      = {2020},
  volume    = {2020 Apiculture},
  publisher = {{Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand Government}},
  location  = {{PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand}},
  url       = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761/status-of-pollinators-in-north-america},
  isbn      = {978-1-991003-03-4}
}

@book{nationalresearchcouncil2007,
  title     = {Status of Pollinators in North America},
  author    = {National Research Council, USA},
  date      = {2007},
  publisher = {{The National Academies Press}},
  location  = {{Washington, DC}},
  url       = {https://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761/status-of-pollinators-in-north-america},
  abstract  = {Pollinators–insects, birds, bats, and other animals that carry pollen from the male to the female parts of flowers for plant reproduction–are an essential part of natural and agricultural ecosystems throughout North America. For example, most fruit, vegetable, and seed crops and some crops that provide fiber, drugs, and fuel depend on animals for pollination.report provides evidence for the decline of some pollinator species in North America, including America's most important managed pollinator, the honey bee, as well as some butterflies, bats, and hummingbirds. For most managed and wild pollinator species, however, population trends have not been assessed because populations have not been monitored over time. In addition, for wild species with demonstrated declines, it is often difficult to determine the causes or consequences of their decline. This report outlines priorities for research and monitoring that are needed to improve information on the status of pollinators and establishes a framework for conservation and restoration of pollinator species and communities.},
  isbn      = {978-0-309-10289-6}
}

@article{neov2019,
  title        = {Biotic and {{Abiotic Factors Associated}} with {{Colonies Mortalities}} of {{Managed Honey Bee}} (\textit{Apis Mellifera})},
  author       = {Neov, Boyko and Georgieva, Ani and Shumkova, Rositsa and Radoslavov, Georgi and Hristov, Peter},
  date         = {2019-12-10},
  journaltitle = {Diversity},
  shortjournal = {Diversity},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {237},
  issn         = {1424-2818},
  doi          = {10.3390/d11120237},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/12/237},
  abstract     = {Despite the presence of a large number of pollinators of flowering plants worldwide, the European honey bee, Apis melifera, plays the most important role in the pollination of a number of crops, including all vegetables, non-food crops and oilseed crops, decorative and medical plants, and others. The experience of isolated cases of complete extinction of honey bees in individual regions has shown that this phenomenon leads to a dramatic pollination crisis and reduced ability or even total inability to grow insect-pollinated crops if relying solely on native, naturally occurring pollinators. Current scientific data indicate that the global bee extinction between the Cretaceous and the Paleogene (Cretaceous-Tertiary) occurred, which led to the disappearance of flowers because they could not produce viable fruit and germinate due to lack of pollination by bees or other animals. From the Middle Ages to the present day, there has been evidence that honey bees have always overcome the adverse factors affecting them throughout the ages, after which their population has fully recovered. This fact must be treated with great care given the emergence of a new, widespread stress factor in the second half of the 20th century—intoxication of beehives with antibiotics and acaricides, and treatment of crops with pesticides. Along with acute and chronic intoxication of bees and bee products, there are other new major stressors of global importance reducing the number of bee colonies: widespread prevalence of pathogenic organisms and pest beetles, climate change and adverse climatic conditions, landscape changes and limitation of natural habitats, intensification of agricultural production, inadequate nutrition, and introduction of invasive species. This report summarizes the impact of individual negative factors on the health and behavior of bees to limit the combined effects of the above stressors.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{neumann2017,
  title        = {The {{Darwin}} Cure for Apiculture? {{Natural}} Selection and Managed Honeybee Health},
  shorttitle   = {The {{Darwin}} Cure for Apiculture?},
  author       = {Neumann, Peter and Blacquière, Tjeerd},
  date         = {2017-03},
  journaltitle = {Evolutionary Applications},
  shortjournal = {Evol Appl},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {226--230},
  issn         = {1752-4571, 1752-4571},
  doi          = {10.1111/eva.12448},
  url          = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eva.12448},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{noel2020,
  title        = {\textit{Varroa Destructor}: How Does It Harm \textit{Apis Mellifera} Honey Bees and What Can Be Done about It?},
  shorttitle   = {Varroa Destructor},
  author       = {Noël, Amélie and Le Conte, Yves and Mondet, Fanny},
  editor       = {Scott-Brown, Alison and Koch, Hauke},
  date         = {2020-07-02},
  journaltitle = {Emerging Topics in Life Sciences},
  volume       = {4},
  pages        = {45--57},
  issn         = {2397-8554, 2397-8562},
  doi          = {10.1042/ETLS20190125},
  url          = {https://portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/4/1/45/225264/Varroa-destructor-how-does-it-harm-Apis-mellifera},
  abstract     = {Since its migration from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) to the European honey bee (Apis mellifera), the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor has emerged as a major issue for beekeeping worldwide. Due to a short history of coevolution, the host–parasite relationship between A. mellifera and V. destructor is unbalanced, with honey bees suffering infestation effects at the individual, colony and population levels. Several control solutions have been developed to tackle the colony and production losses due to Varroa, but the burden caused by the mite in combination with other biotic and abiotic factors continues to increase, weakening the beekeeping industry. In this synthetic review, we highlight the main advances made between 2015 and 2020 on V. destructor biology and its impact on the health of the honey bee, A. mellifera. We also describe the main control solutions that are currently available to fight the mite and place a special focus on new methodological developments, which point to integrated pest management strategies for the control of Varroa in honey bee colonies.},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {1}
}

@article{nov2014,
  title        = {Scientists@{{Home}}: {{What Drives}} the {{Quantity}} and {{Quality}} of {{Online Citizen Science Participation}}?},
  shorttitle   = {Scientists@{{Home}}},
  author       = {Nov, Oded and Arazy, Ofer and Anderson, David},
  editor       = {Bar-Ilan, Judit},
  date         = {2014-04-01},
  journaltitle = {PLoS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {9},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {e90375},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0090375},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090375},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{oberreiter2020,
  title        = {Austrian {{COLOSS Survey}} of {{Honey Bee Colony Winter Losses}} 2018/19 and {{Analysis}} of {{Hive Management Practices}}},
  author       = {Oberreiter, Hannes and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2020-03-13},
  journaltitle = {Diversity},
  shortjournal = {Diversity},
  volume       = {12},
  pages        = {99},
  issn         = {1424-2818},
  doi          = {10.3390/d12030099},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/3/99},
  abstract     = {We conducted a citizen science survey on overwinter honey bee colony losses in Austria. A total of 1534 beekeepers with 33,651 colonies reported valid loss rates. The total winter loss rate for Austria was 15.2\% (95\% confidence interval: 14.4–16.1\%). Young queens showed a positive effect on colony survival and queen-related losses. Observed queen problems during the season increased the probability of losing colonies to unsolvable queen problems. A notable number of bees with crippled wings during the foraging season resulted in high losses and could serve as an alarm signal for beekeepers. Migratory beekeepers and large operations had lower loss rates than smaller ones. Additionally, we investigated the impact of several hive management practices. Most of them had no significant effect on winter mortality, but purchasing wax from outside the own operation was associated with higher loss rates. Colonies that reported foraging on maize and late catch crop fields or collecting melezitose exhibited higher loss rates. The most common Varroa destructor control methods were a combination of long-term formic acid treatment in summer and oxalic acid trickling in winter. Biotechnical methods in summer had a favourable effect on colony survival.},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3}
}

@article{oberreiter2021,
  title        = {Das {{Wildnisgebiet Dürrenstein}} – Ein {{Lebensraum}} Für Wildlebende {{Bienenvölker}}?},
  author       = {Oberreiter, Hannes and Dünser, Anna and Schlagbauer, Johannes and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2021},
  journaltitle = {Entomologica Austriaca},
  number       = {0028},
  pages        = {25--42}
}

@article{oddie2021,
  title        = {Insights from {{Norway}}: {{Using Natural Adaptation}} to {{Breed}} {{{\emph{Varroa}}}} -{{Resistant Honey Bees}}},
  shorttitle   = {Insights from {{Norway}}},
  author       = {Oddie, Melissa A. Y. and Dahle, Bjørn},
  date         = {2021-04-03},
  journaltitle = {Bee World},
  shortjournal = {Bee World},
  volume       = {98},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {38--43},
  issn         = {0005-772X, 2376-7618},
  doi          = {10.1080/0005772X.2021.1882783},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0005772X.2021.1882783},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{popovskastojanov2021,
  title        = {Direct {{Economic Impact Assessment}} of {{Winter Honeybee Colony Losses}} in {{Three European Countries}}},
  author       = {Popovska Stojanov, Despina and Dimitrov, Lazo and Danihlík, Jiří and Uzunov, Aleksandar and Golubovski, Miroljub and Andonov, Sreten and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2021-04-27},
  journaltitle = {Agriculture},
  shortjournal = {Agriculture},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {398},
  issn         = {2077-0472},
  doi          = {10.3390/agriculture11050398},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/5/398},
  abstract     = {Honeybees are of great importance because of their role in pollination as well as for hive products. The population of managed colonies fluctuates over time, and recent monitoring reports show different levels of colony losses in many regions and countries. The cause of this kind of loss is a combination of various factors, such as the parasitic mite Varroa destructor, viruses, pesticides, management practices, climate change, and other stress factors. Having in mind that the economic aspect of honeybee colony losses has not been estimated, a pioneer effort was made for developing a methodology that estimates the economic impact of honeybee colony losses. Winter loss data was based on 2993 answers of the COLOSS standard questionnaire survey of honeybee winter colony losses for 2016/2017. In addition, market and financial data were used for each country. In a comparative analysis, an assessment on the economic impact of colony losses in Austria, Czechia, and Macedonia was made. The estimation considered the value of the colonies and the potential production losses of the lost colonies and of surviving but weak colonies. The direct economic impact of winter honeybee colony losses in 2016/2017 in Austria was estimated to be about 32 Mio €; in Czechia, 21 Mio €; and in Macedonia, 3 Mio €. Economic impact reflects the different value levels in the three countries, national colony populations, and the magnitude of colony losses. This study also suggests that economic losses are much higher than the subsidies, which underlines the economic importance of honeybees for the agricultural sector.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{potts2010,
  title        = {Global Pollinator Declines: Trends, Impacts and Drivers},
  shorttitle   = {Global Pollinator Declines},
  author       = {Potts, Simon G. and Biesmeijer, Jacobus C. and Kremen, Claire and Neumann, Peter and Schweiger, Oliver and Kunin, William E.},
  date         = {2010-06},
  journaltitle = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  shortjournal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume       = {25},
  pages        = {345--353},
  issn         = {01695347},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534710000364},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {6}
}

@article{potts2010a,
  title        = {Declines of Managed Honey Bees and Beekeepers in {{Europe}}},
  author       = {Potts, Simon G. and Roberts, Stuart P. M. and Dean, Robin and Marris, Gay and Brown, Mike A. and Jones, Richard and Neumann, Peter and Settele, Josef},
  date         = {2010-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {49},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {15--22},
  issn         = {0021-8839, 2078-6913},
  doi          = {10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.02},
  url          = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.1.02},
  langid       = {english}
}

@manual{r2020,
  title        = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
  author       = {{R Core Team}},
  organization = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  address      = {Vienna, Austria},
  year         = {2020},
  url          = {https://www.R-project.org/}
}


@article{tihelka2018,
  title        = {Effects of Synthetic and Organic Acaricides on Honey Bee Health: A Review},
  shorttitle   = {Effects of Synthetic and Organic Acaricides on Honey Bee Health},
  author       = {Tihelka, Erik},
  date         = {2018-10-10},
  journaltitle = {Slovenian Veterinary Research},
  shortjournal = {SVR},
  volume       = {55},
  number       = {3},
  issn         = {1580-4003},
  doi          = {10.26873/SVR-422-2017},
  url          = {https://slovetres.si/index.php/SVR/article/view/422}
}




@manual{renv2020,
  title  = {renv: Project Environments},
  author = {Kevin Ushey},
  year   = {2020},
  note   = {R package version 0.12.0},
  url    = {https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=renv}
}


@article{rinkevich2020,
  title        = {Detection of Amitraz Resistance and Reduced Treatment Efficacy in the {{Varroa Mite}}, \textit{Varroa Destructor}, within Commercial Beekeeping Operations},
  author       = {Rinkevich, Frank D.},
  editor       = {Vontas, John},
  date         = {2020-01-17},
  journaltitle = {PLOS ONE},
  shortjournal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume       = {15},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {e0227264},
  issn         = {1932-6203},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0227264},
  url          = {https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227264},
  langid       = {english}
}



@book{roscoe1975,
  title  = {Fundamental Research Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences},
  author = {Roscoe, John T.},
  date   = {1975}
}




@article{rosenkranz2010,
  title        = {Biology and Control of \textit{Varroa Destructor}},
  author       = {Rosenkranz, Peter and Aumeier, Pia and Ziegelmann, Bettina},
  date         = {2010-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
  volume       = {103},
  pages        = {S96-S119},
  publisher    = {{Academic Press}},
  issn         = {0022-2011},
  doi          = {10.1016/J.JIP.2009.07.016},
  url          = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022201109001906?via%3Dihub},
  abstract     = {The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor was originally confined to the Eastern honey bee Apis cerana. After a shift to the new host Apis mellifera during the first half of the last century, the parasite dispersed world wide and is currently considered the major threat for apiculture. The damage caused by Varroosis is thought to be a crucial driver for the periodical colony losses in Europe and the USA and regular Varroa treatments are essential in these countries. Therefore, Varroa research not only deals with a fascinating host–parasite relationship but also has a responsibility to find sustainable solutions for the beekeeping. This review provides a survey of the current knowledge in the main fields of Varroa research including the biology of the mite, damage to the host, host tolerance, tolerance breeding and Varroa treatment. We first present a general view on the functional morphology and on the biology of the Varroa mite with special emphasis on host–parasite interactions during reproduction of the female mite. The pathology section describes host damage at the individual and colony level including the problem of transmission of secondary infections by the mite. Knowledge of both the biology and the pathology of Varroa mites is essential for understanding possible tolerance mechanisms in the honey bee host. We comment on the few examples of natural tolerance in A. mellifera and evaluate recent approaches to the selection of Varroa tolerant honey bees. Finally, an extensive listing and critical evaluation of chemical and biological methods of Varroa treatments is given. This compilation of present-day knowledge on Varroa honey bee interactions emphasizes that we are still far from a solution for Varroa infestation and that, therefore, further research on mite biology, tolerance breeding, and Varroa treatment is urgently needed.}
}




@article{roth2020,
  title        = {Biology and {{Management}} of \textit{Varroa Destructor} ({{Mesostigmata}}: {{Varroidae}}) in \textit{Apis Mellifera} ({{Hymenoptera}}: {{Apidae}}) {{Colonies}}},
  shorttitle   = {Biology and {{Management}} of {{Varroa}} Destructor ({{Mesostigmata}}},
  author       = {Roth, Morgan A. and Wilson, James M. and Tignor, Keith R. and Gross, Aaron D.},
  editor       = {Messenger, Matthew},
  date         = {2020-01-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Integrated Pest Management},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1},
  issn         = {2155-7470},
  doi          = {10.1093/jipm/pmz036},
  url          = {https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/doi/10.1093/jipm/pmz036/5692075},
  abstract     = {Abstract             Varroa mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) infestation of European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies has been a growing cause of international concern among beekeepers throughout the last 50 yr. Varroa destructor spread from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana Fabricius [Hymenoptera: Apidae]) to A. mellifera populations in Europe in the 1970s, and subsequently traveled to the Americas. In addition to causing damage through feeding upon lipids of larval and adult bees, V. destructor also facilitates the spread of several viruses, with deformed wing virus being most prevalent. Several sampling methods have been developed for estimating infestation levels of A. mellifera colonies, and acaricide treatments have been implemented. However, overuse of synthetic acaricides in the past has led to widespread acaricide resistant V. destructor populations. The application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques is a more recent development in V. destructor control and is suggested to be more effective than only using pesticides, thereby posing fewer threats to A. mellifera colonies. When using IPM methods, informed management decisions are made based upon sampling, and cultural and mechanical controls are implemented prior to use of acaricide treatments. If acaricides are deemed necessary, they are rotated based on their mode of action, thus avoiding V. destructor resistance development.},
  langid       = {english}
}




@article{rucker2012,
  title        = {Honey {{Bee Pollination Markets}} and the {{Internalization}} of {{Reciprocal Benefits}}},
  author       = {Rucker, Randal R. and Thurman, Walter N. and Burgett, Michael},
  date         = {2012-07},
  journaltitle = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  shortjournal = {American Journal of Agricultural Economics},
  volume       = {94},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {956--977},
  issn         = {0002-9092, 1467-8276},
  doi          = {10.1093/ajae/aas031},
  url          = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/ajae/aas031},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{sanchez-bayo2019,
  title        = {Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna: {{A}} Review of Its Drivers},
  shorttitle   = {Worldwide Decline of the Entomofauna},
  author       = {Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco and Wyckhuys, Kris A.G.},
  date         = {2019-04},
  journaltitle = {Biological Conservation},
  shortjournal = {Biological Conservation},
  volume       = {232},
  pages        = {8--27},
  issn         = {00063207},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320718313636},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{sarker2021,
  title        = {Machine {{Learning}}: {{Algorithms}}, {{Real-World Applications}} and {{Research Directions}}},
  shorttitle   = {Machine {{Learning}}},
  author       = {Sarker, Iqbal H.},
  date         = {2021-05},
  journaltitle = {SN Computer Science},
  shortjournal = {SN COMPUT. SCI.},
  volume       = {2},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {160},
  issn         = {2662-995X, 2661-8907},
  doi          = {10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x},
  url          = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s42979-021-00592-x},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{seeley2007a,
  ids          = {seeley2007},
  title        = {Honey Bees of the {{Arnot Forest}}: A Population of Feral Colonies Persisting with \textit{Varroa Destructor} in the Northeastern {{United States}}},
  shorttitle   = {Honey Bees of the {{Arnot Forest}}},
  author       = {Seeley, Thomas D.},
  date         = {2007-01},
  journaltitle = {Apidologie},
  shortjournal = {Apidologie},
  volume       = {38},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {19--29},
  issn         = {0044-8435, 1297-9678},
  doi          = {10.1051/apido:2006055}
}

@article{southwick1992,
  title        = {Estimating the {{Economic Value}} of {{Honey Bees}} ({{Hymenoptera}}: {{Apidae}}) as {{Agricultural Pollinators}} in the {{United States}}},
  shorttitle   = {Estimating the {{Economic Value}} of {{Honey Bees}} ({{Hymenoptera}}},
  author       = {Southwick, Edward E. and Southwick, Lawrence},
  date         = {1992-06-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
  volume       = {85},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {621--633},
  issn         = {1938-291X, 0022-0493},
  doi          = {10.1093/jee/85.3.621},
  url          = {http://academic.oup.com/jee/article/85/3/621/2215825/Estimating-the-Economic-Value-of-Honey-Bees},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{sushil2013,
  title        = {Enhancing {{Seed Production}} of {{Three Brassica}} Vegetables by {{Honey Bee Pollination}} in {{North}}-Western {{Himalayas}} of {{India}}},
  author       = {Sushil, S. N. and Stanley, J. and Hedau, N. K. and Bhatt, J. C.},
  date         = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Universal Journal of Agricultural Research},
  volume       = {1},
  pages        = {49--53},
  doi          = {10.13189/ujar.2013.010301},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {3}
}

@article{switanek2017,
  title        = {Modelling Seasonal Effects of Temperature and Precipitation on Honey Bee Winter Mortality in a Temperate Climate},
  author       = {Switanek, Matthew and Crailsheim, Karl and Truhetz, Heimo and Brodschneider, Robert},
  date         = {2017-02-01},
  journaltitle = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume       = {579},
  pages        = {1581--1587},
  publisher    = {{Elsevier}},
  issn         = {0048-9697},
  doi          = {10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2016.11.178},
  url          = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969716326444},
  abstract     = {Insect pollinators are essential to global food production. For this reason, it is alarming that honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations across the world have recently seen increased rates of mortality. These changes in colony mortality are often ascribed to one or more factors including parasites, diseases, pesticides, nutrition, habitat dynamics, weather and/or climate. However, the effect of climate on colony mortality has never been demonstrated. Therefore, in this study, we focus on longer-term weather conditions and/or climate's influence on honey bee winter mortality rates across Austria. Statistical correlations between monthly climate variables and winter mortality rates were investigated. Our results indicate that warmer and drier weather conditions in the preceding year were accompanied by increased winter mortality. We subsequently built a statistical model to predict colony mortality using temperature and precipitation data as predictors. Our model reduces the mean absolute error between predicted and observed colony mortalities by 9\% and is statistically significant at the 99.9\% confidence level. This is the first study to show clear evidence of a link between climate variability and honey bee winter mortality.}
}

@article{thoms2019,
  title        = {Beekeeper Stewardship, Colony Loss, and \textit{Varroa Destructor} Management},
  author       = {Thoms, Christopher A. and Nelson, Kristen C. and Kubas, Andrew and Steinhauer, Nathalie and Wilson, Michael E. and {vanEngelsdorp}, Dennis},
  date         = {2019-10},
  journaltitle = {Ambio},
  shortjournal = {Ambio},
  volume       = {48},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {1209--1218},
  issn         = {0044-7447, 1654-7209},
  doi          = {10.1007/s13280-018-1130-z},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13280-018-1130-z},
  langid       = {english}
}

@manual{tidymodels2020,
  title  = {Tidymodels: a collection of packages for modeling and machine learning using tidyverse principles.},
  author = {Max Kuhn and Hadley Wickham},
  url    = {https://www.tidymodels.org},
  year   = {2020}
}

@article{tidyverse2019,
  title   = {Welcome to the {tidyverse}},
  author  = {Hadley Wickham and Mara Averick and Jennifer Bryan and Winston Chang and Lucy D'Agostino McGowan and Romain François and Garrett Grolemund and Alex Hayes and Lionel Henry and Jim Hester and Max Kuhn and Thomas Lin Pedersen and Evan Miller and Stephan Milton Bache and Kirill Müller and Jeroen Ooms and David Robinson and Dana Paige Seidel and Vitalie Spinu and Kohske Takahashi and Davis Vaughan and Claus Wilke and Kara Woo and Hiroaki Yutani},
  year    = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume  = {4},
  number  = {43},
  pages   = {1686},
  doi     = {10.21105/joss.01686}
}

@article{tomczak2014,
  title        = {The Need to Report Effect Size Estimates Revisited. {{An}} Overview of Some Recommended Measures of Effect Size},
  author       = {Tomczak, Maciej and Tomczak, Ewa},
  date         = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Trends in Sport Sciences},
  shortjournal = {Trends in Sport Sciences},
  volume       = {21},
  number       = {1}
}

@article{traynor2020,
  title        = {\textit{Varroa Destructor}: {{A Complex Parasite}}, {{Crippling Honey Bees Worldwide}}},
  shorttitle   = {Varroa Destructor},
  author       = {Traynor, Kirsten S. and Mondet, Fanny and de Miranda, Joachim R. and Techer, Maeva and Kowallik, Vienna and Oddie, Melissa A.Y. and Chantawannakul, Panuwan and McAfee, Alison},
  options      = {useprefix=true},
  date         = {2020-07},
  journaltitle = {Trends in Parasitology},
  shortjournal = {Trends in Parasitology},
  volume       = {36},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {592--606},
  issn         = {14714922},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.pt.2020.04.004},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S147149222030101X},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{underwood2003,
  title        = {The Effects of Temperature and Dose of Formic Acid on Treatment Efficacy against \textit{Varroa Destructor} ({{Acari}}: {{Varroidae}}), a Parasite of \textit{Apis Mellifera} ({{Hymenoptera}}: {{Apidae}})},
  author       = {Underwood, Robyn M. and Currie, Robert W.},
  date         = {2003},
  journaltitle = {Experimental and Applied Acarology},
  volume       = {29},
  number       = {3/4},
  pages        = {303--313},
  issn         = {01688162},
  doi          = {10.1023/A:1025892906393},
  url          = {http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1025892906393}
}

@article{underwood2019,
  title        = {Beekeeping {{Management Practices Are Associated}} with {{Operation Size}} and {{Beekeepers}}’ {{Philosophy}} towards in-{{Hive Chemicals}}},
  author       = {Underwood, Robyn M. and Traver, Brenna E. and López-Uribe, Margarita M.},
  date         = {2019-01-08},
  journaltitle = {Insects},
  shortjournal = {Insects},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {10},
  issn         = {2075-4450},
  doi          = {10.3390/insects10010010},
  url          = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/1/10},
  abstract     = {Management by beekeepers is of utmost importance for the health and survival of honey bee colonies. Beekeeping management practices vary from low to high intervention regarding the use of chemicals, hive manipulations, and supplemental feeding of colonies. In this study, we use quantitative data from the Bee Informed Partnership’s national survey to investigate drivers of management practices among beekeepers in the United States. This is the first study to quantitatively examine these variables to objectively describe the management practices among different groups of beekeepers in the United States. We hypothesized that management practices and goals among beekeepers are different based on the beekeeper’s philosophy (as determined by their willingness to use chemicals to control pests and pathogens) and the size of the beekeeping operation. Using a multiple factor analysis, we determined that beekeepers use a continuum of management practices. However, we found that beekeepers’ willingness to use in-hive chemicals and the number of colonies in their operation are non-randomly associated with other aspects of beekeeping management practices. Specifically, the size of the beekeeping operation was associated with beekeepers’ choices of in-hive chemicals, while beekeepers’ philosophy was most strongly associated with choices of in-hive chemicals and beekeeping goals. Our results will facilitate the development of decision-making tools for beekeepers to choose management practices that are appropriate for the size of their operations and their beekeeping philosophy.},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{vanderzee2013,
  title        = {Standard Survey Methods for Estimating Colony Losses and Explanatory Risk Factors in \textit{Apis Mellifera}},
  author       = {van der Zee, Romée and Gray, Alison and Holzmann, Céline and Pisa, Lennard and Brodschneider, Robert and Chlebo, Róbert and Coffey, Mary F and Kence, Aykut and Kristiansen, Preben and Mutinelli, Franco and Nguyen, Bach Kim and Noureddine, Adjlane and Peterson, Magnus and Soroker, Victoria and Topolska, Grażyna and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Wilkins, Selwyn},
  date         = {2013},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {52},
  pages        = {1--36},
  issn         = {0021-8839},
  doi          = {10.3896/ibra.1.52.4.18},
  abstract     = {SummaryThis chapter addresses survey methodology and questionnaire design for the collection of data pertaining to estimation of honey bee colony loss rates and identification of risk factors for colony loss. Sources of error in surveys are described. Advantages and disadvantages of different random and non-random sampling strategies and different modes of data collection are presented to enable the researcher to make an informed choice. We discuss survey and questionnaire methodology in some detail, for the purpose of raising awareness of issues to be considered during the survey design stage in order to minimise error and bias in the results. Aspects of survey design are illustrated using surveys in Scotland. Part of a standardized questionnaire is given as a further example, developed by the COLOSS working group for Monitoring and Diagnosis. Approaches to data analysis are described, focussing on estimation of loss rates. Dutch monitoring data from 2012 were used for an example of a statistical analysi...},
  number       = {4},
  options      = {useprefix=true}
}

@article{vanderzee2014,
  title        = {Results of International Standardised Beekeeper Surveys of Colony Losses for Winter 2012–2013: Analysis of Winter Loss Rates and Mixed Effects Modelling of Risk Factors for Winter Loss},
  author       = {van der Zee, Romée and Brodschneider, Robert and Brusbardis, Valters and Charrière, Jean-Daniel and Chlebo, Róbert and Coffey, Mary F and Dahle, Bjørn and Drazic, Marica M and Kauko, Lassi and Kretavicius, Justinas and Kristiansen, Preben and Mutinelli, Franco and Otten, Christoph and Peterson, Magnus and Raudmets, Aivar and Santrac, Violeta and Seppälä, Ari and Soroker, Victoria and Topolska, Grażyna and Vejsnæs, Flemming and Gray, Alison},
  date         = {2014},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Apicultural Research},
  volume       = {53},
  pages        = {19--34},
  issn         = {0021-8839},
  doi          = {10.3896/ibra.1.53.1.02},
  abstract     = {This article presents results of an analysis of winter losses of honey bee colonies from 19 mainly European countries, most of which implemented the standardised 2013 COLOSS questionnaire. Generalised linear mixed effects models (GLMMs) were used to investigate the effects of several factors on the risk of colony loss, including different treatments for Varroa destructor, allowing for random effects of beekeeper and region. Both winter and summer treatments were considered, and the most common combinations of treatment and timing were used to define treatment factor levels. Overall and within country colony loss rates are presented. Significant factors in the model were found to be: percentage of young queens in the colonies before winter, extent of queen problems in summer, treatment of the varroa mite, and access by foraging honey bees to oilseed rape and maize. Spatial variation at the beekeeper level is shown across geographical regions using random effects from the fitted models, both before and after allowing for the effect of the significant terms in the model. This spatial variation is considerable. © IBRA 2014.},
  number       = {1},
  options      = {useprefix=true}
}

@article{vanengelsdorp2010a,
  title        = {A Historical Review of Managed Honey Bee Populations in {{Europe}} and the {{United States}} and the Factors That May Affect Them},
  author       = {{vanEngelsdorp}, Dennis and Meixner, Marina Doris},
  date         = {2010-01},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
  volume       = {103},
  pages        = {S80-S95},
  issn         = {00222011},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.011},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022201109001827},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{vip2020,
  title   = {Variable Importance Plots—An Introduction to the vip Package},
  author  = {Brandon M. Greenwell and Bradley C. Boehmke},
  journal = {The R Journal},
  year    = {2020},
  volume  = {12},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {343--366},
  url     = {https://doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2020-013}
}

@article{wang2022,
  title        = {Antibiotic Residues in Honey in the {{Chinese}} Market and Human Health Risk Assessment},
  author       = {Wang, Yuanping and Dong, Xiaolian and Han, Minghui and Yang, Zichen and Wang, Yi and Qian, Lu and Huang, Min and Luo, Baozhang and Wang, Hexing and Chen, Yue and Jiang, Qingwu},
  date         = {2022-10},
  journaltitle = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
  shortjournal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
  volume       = {440},
  pages        = {129815},
  issn         = {03043894},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129815},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304389422016089},
  langid       = {english}
}

@article{han2022,
  title        = {Neonicotinoids Residues in the Honey Circulating in {{Chinese}} Market and Health Risk on Honey Bees and Human},
  author       = {Han, Minghui and Wang, Yuanping and Yang, Zichen and Wang, Yi and Huang, Min and Luo, Baozhang and Wang, Hexing and Chen, Yue and Jiang, Qingwu},
  date         = {2022-11},
  journaltitle = {Environmental Pollution},
  shortjournal = {Environmental Pollution},
  volume       = {313},
  pages        = {120146},
  issn         = {02697491},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120146},
  url          = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0269749122013604},
  langid       = {english}
}



  @article{woodcock2017,
  title        = {Country-Specific Effects of Neonicotinoid Pesticides on Honey Bees and Wild Bees},
  author       = {Woodcock, Benjamin A. and Bullock, James M. and Shore, Richard F. and Heard, Matthew S. and Pereira, Gloria M. and Redhead, John and Ridding, Lucy and Dean, Hannah and Sleep, D. and Henrys, Peter and Peyton, J. and Hulmes, Sarah and Hulmes, Lucy and Sárospataki, M. and Saure, Christoph and Edwards, Mike and Genersch, Elke and Knäbe, Silvio and Pywell, Richard F.},
  date         = {2017-06-30},
  journaltitle = {Science},
  shortjournal = {Science},
  volume       = {356},
  pages        = {1393--1395},
  issn         = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.aaa1190},
  url          = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaa1190},
  abstract     = {Neonicotinoid seed dressings have caused concern world-wide. We use large field experiments to assess the effects of neonicotinoid-treated crops on three bee species across three countries (Hungary, Germany, and the United Kingdom). Winter-sown oilseed rape was grown commercially with either seed coatings containing neonicotinoids (clothianidin or thiamethoxam) or no seed treatment (control). For honey bees, we found both negative (Hungary and United Kingdom) and positive (Germany) effects during crop flowering. In Hungary, negative effects on honey bees (associated with clothianidin) persisted over winter and resulted in smaller colonies in the following spring (24\% declines). In wild bees (               Bombus terrestris               and               Osmia bicornis               ), reproduction was negatively correlated with neonicotinoid residues. These findings point to neonicotinoids causing a reduced capacity of bee species to establish new populations in the year following exposure.},
  langid       = {english},
  number       = {6345}
}