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NOTE: THIS DOCUMENT IS NO LONGER USED

ALL STYLE ISSUES ARE MANAGED USING ESLINT

About.me JavaScript Style Guide() {

A mostly reasonable approach to JavaScript

Forked from Airbnb's Javascript Style Guide. Modified with about.me conventions

Table of Contents

  1. Types
  2. Objects
  3. Arrays
  4. Strings
  5. Functions
  6. Properties
  7. Variables
  8. Hoisting
  9. Conditional Expressions & Equality
  10. Blocks
  11. Comments
  12. Whitespace
  13. Commas
  14. Semicolons
  15. Type Casting & Coercion
  16. Naming Conventions
  17. Accessors
  18. Constructors
  19. Events
  20. Modules
  21. jQuery
  22. ECMAScript 5 Compatibility
  23. Testing
  24. Performance
  25. Resources
  26. In the Wild
  27. Translation
  28. The JavaScript Style Guide Guide
  29. Contributors
  30. License

Types

  • Primitives: When you access a primitive type you work directly on its value

    • string
    • number
    • boolean
    • null
    • undefined
    var foo = 1,
        bar = foo;
    
    bar = 9;
    
    console.log(foo, bar); // => 1, 9
  • Complex: When you access a complex type you work on a reference to its value

    • object
    • array
    • function
    var foo = [1, 2],
        bar = foo;
    
    bar[0] = 9;
    
    console.log(foo[0], bar[0]); // => 9, 9

⬆ back to top

Objects

  • Use the literal syntax for object creation.

    // bad
    var item = new Object();
    
    // good
    var item = {};
  • Don't use reserved words as keys. It won't work in IE8. More info

    // bad
    var superman = {
        default: { clark: 'kent' },
        private: true
    };
    
    // good
    var superman = {
        defaults: { clark: 'kent' },
        hidden: true
    };
  • Use readable synonyms in place of reserved words.

    // bad
    var superman = {
        class: 'alien'
    };
    
    // bad
    var superman = {
        klass: 'alien'
    };
    
    // good
    var superman = {
        type: 'alien'
    };

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Arrays

  • Use the literal syntax for array creation

    // bad
    var items = new Array();
    
    // good
    var items = [];
  • If you don't know array length use Array#push.

    var someStack = [];
    
    
    // bad
    someStack[someStack.length] = 'abracadabra';
    
    // good
    someStack.push('abracadabra');
  • When you need to copy an array use Array#slice. jsPerf

    var len = items.length,
        itemsCopy = [],
        i;
    
    // bad
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        itemsCopy[i] = items[i];
    }
    
    // good
    itemsCopy = items.slice();
  • To convert an array-like object to an array, use Array#slice.

    function trigger() {
        var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
        ...
    }

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Strings

  • Use single quotes '' for strings

    // bad
    var name = "Bob Parr";
    
    // good
    var name = 'Bob Parr';
    
    // bad
    var fullName = "Bob " + this.lastName;
    
    // good
    var fullName = 'Bob ' + this.lastName;
  • Strings longer than 80 characters should be written across multiple lines using string concatenation.

  • Note: If overused, long strings with concatenation could impact performance. jsPerf & Discussion

    // bad
    var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do with this, you would get nowhere fast.';
    
    // bad
    var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because \
    of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do \
    with this, you would get nowhere \
    fast.';
    
    // good
    var errorMessage = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because ' +
        'of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do ' +
        'with this, you would get nowhere fast.';
  • When programmatically building up a string, use Array#join instead of string concatenation. Mostly for IE: jsPerf.

    var items,
        messages,
        length,
        i;
    
    messages = [{
        state: 'success',
        message: 'This one worked.'
    }, {
        state: 'success',
        message: 'This one worked as well.'
    }, {
        state: 'error',
        message: 'This one did not work.'
    }];
    
    length = messages.length;
    
    // bad
    function inbox(messages) {
        items = '<ul>';
    
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            items += '<li>' + messages[i].message + '</li>';
        }
    
        return items + '</ul>';
    }
    
    // good
    function inbox(messages) {
        items = [];
    
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            items[i] = messages[i].message;
        }
    
        return '<ul><li>' + items.join('</li><li>') + '</li></ul>';
    }

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Functions

  • Function expressions:

    // anonymous function expression
    var anonymous = function() {
        return true;
    };
    
    // named function expression
    var named = function named() {
        return true;
    };
    
    // immediately-invoked function expression (IIFE)
    (function() {
        console.log('Welcome to the Internet. Please follow me.');
    })();
  • Never declare a function in a non-function block (if, while, etc). Assign the function to a variable instead. Browsers will allow you to do it, but they all interpret it differently, which is bad news bears.

  • Note: ECMA-262 defines a block as a list of statements. A function declaration is not a statement. Read ECMA-262's note on this issue.

    // bad
    if (currentUser) {
        function test() {
            console.log('Nope.');
        }
    }
    
    // good
    var test;
    if (currentUser) {
        test = function test() {
            console.log('Yup.');
        };
    }
  • Never name a parameter arguments, this will take precedence over the arguments object that is given to every function scope.

    // bad
    function nope(name, options, arguments) {
        // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    function yup(name, options, args) {
        // ...stuff...
    }

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Properties

  • Use dot notation when accessing properties.

    var luke = {
        jedi: true,
        age: 28
    };
    
    // bad
    var isJedi = luke['jedi'];
    
    // good
    var isJedi = luke.jedi;
  • Use subscript notation [] when accessing properties with a variable.

    var luke = {
        jedi: true,
        age: 28
    };
    
    function getProp(prop) {
        return luke[prop];
    }
    
    var isJedi = getProp('jedi');

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Variables

  • Always use var to declare variables. Not doing so will result in global variables. We want to avoid polluting the global namespace. Captain Planet warned us of that.

    // bad
    superPower = new SuperPower();
    
    // good
    var superPower = new SuperPower();
  • Use one var declaration for multiple variables and declare each variable on a newline.

    // bad
    var items = getItems();
    var goSportsTeam = true;
    var dragonball = 'z';
    
    // good
    var items = getItems(),
        goSportsTeam = true,
        dragonball = 'z';
  • Declare unassigned variables last. This is helpful when later on you might need to assign a variable depending on one of the previous assigned variables.

    // bad
    var i, len, dragonball,
        items = getItems(),
        goSportsTeam = true;
    
    // bad
    var i, items = getItems(),
        dragonball,
        goSportsTeam = true,
        len;
    
    // good
    var items = getItems(),
        goSportsTeam = true,
        dragonball,
        length,
        i;
  • Assign variables at the top of their scope. This helps avoid issues with variable declaration and assignment hoisting related issues.

    // bad
    function() {
        test();
        console.log('doing stuff..');
    
        //..other stuff..
    
        var name = getName();
    
        if (name === 'test') {
            return false;
        }
    
        return name;
    }
    
    // good
    function() {
        var name = getName();
    
        test();
        console.log('doing stuff..');
    
        //..other stuff..
    
        if (name === 'test') {
            return false;
        }
    
        return name;
    }
    
    // bad
    function() {
        var name = getName();
    
        if (!arguments.length) {
            return false;
        }
    
        return true;
    }
    
    // good
    function() {
        if (!arguments.length) {
            return false;
        }
    
        var name = getName();
    
        return true;
    }

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Hoisting

  • Variable declarations get hoisted to the top of their scope, their assignment does not.

    // we know this wouldn't work (assuming there
    // is no notDefined global variable)
    function example() {
        console.log(notDefined); // => throws a ReferenceError
    }
    
    // creating a variable declaration after you
    // reference the variable will work due to
    // variable hoisting. Note: the assignment
    // value of `true` is not hoisted.
    function example() {
        console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
        var declaredButNotAssigned = true;
    }
    
    // The interpreter is hoisting the variable
    // declaration to the top of the scope.
    // Which means our example could be rewritten as:
    function example() {
        var declaredButNotAssigned;
        console.log(declaredButNotAssigned); // => undefined
        declaredButNotAssigned = true;
    }
  • Anonymous function expressions hoist their variable name, but not the function assignment.

    function example() {
        console.log(anonymous); // => undefined
    
        anonymous(); // => TypeError anonymous is not a function
    
        var anonymous = function() {
            console.log('anonymous function expression');
        };
    }
  • Named function expressions hoist the variable name, not the function name or the function body.

    function example() {
        console.log(named); // => undefined
    
        named(); // => TypeError named is not a function
    
        superPower(); // => ReferenceError superPower is not defined
    
        var named = function superPower() {
            console.log('Flying');
        };
    }
    
    // the same is true when the function name
    // is the same as the variable name.
    function example() {
        console.log(named); // => undefined
    
        named(); // => TypeError named is not a function
    
        var named = function named() {
            console.log('named');
        }
    }
  • Function declarations hoist their name and the function body.

    function example() {
        superPower(); // => Flying
    
        function superPower() {
            console.log('Flying');
        }
    }
  • For more information refer to JavaScript Scoping & Hoisting by Ben Cherry

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Conditional Expressions & Equality

  • Use === and !== over == and !=.

  • Conditional expressions are evaluated using coercion with the ToBoolean method and always follow these simple rules:

    • Objects evaluate to true
    • Undefined evaluates to false
    • Null evaluates to false
    • Booleans evaluate to the value of the boolean
    • Numbers evaluate to false if +0, -0, or NaN, otherwise true
    • Strings evaluate to false if an empty string '', otherwise true
    if ([0]) {
        // true
        // An array is an object, objects evaluate to true
    }
  • Use shortcuts.

    // bad
    if (name !== '') {
        // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    if (name) {
        // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // bad
    if (collection.length > 0) {
        // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    if (collection.length) {
        // ...stuff...
    }
  • For more information see Truth Equality and JavaScript by Angus Croll

⬆ back to top

Blocks

  • Use braces with all multi-line blocks.

    // bad
    if (test)
        return false;
    
    // good
    if (test) return false;
    
    // good
    if (test) {
        return false;
    }
    
    // bad
    function() { return false; }
    
    // good
    function() {
        return false;
    }

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Comments

  • Use /** ... */ for multiline comments. Include a description, specify types and values for all parameters and return values.

    // bad
    // make() returns a new element
    // based on the passed in tag name
    //
    // @param <String> tag
    // @return <Element> element
    function make(tag) {
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        return element;
    }
    
    // good
    /**
     * make() returns a new element
     * based on the passed in tag name
     *
     * @param <String> tag
     * @return <Element> element
     */
    function make(tag) {
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        return element;
    }
  • Use // for single line comments. Place single line comments on a newline above the subject of the comment. Put an empty line before the comment.

    // bad
    var active = true;  // is current tab
    
    // good
    // is current tab
    var active = true;
    
    // bad
    function getType() {
        console.log('fetching type...');
        // set the default type to 'no type'
        var type = this._type || 'no type';
    
        return type;
    }
    
    // good
    function getType() {
        console.log('fetching type...');
    
        // set the default type to 'no type'
        var type = this._type || 'no type';
    
        return type;
    }
  • Prefixing your comments with DNR, FIXME, or TODO helps other developers quickly understand if you're pointing out a problem that needs to be revisited, or if you're suggesting a solution to the problem that needs to be implemented. These are different than regular comments because they are actionable. The actions are FIXME -- need to figure this out or TODO -- need to implement.

  • Use // DNR to mark code which should not be released under any circumstances

    function Calculator() {
    
        window.total = this.total; // DNR
    
        return this;
    }
  • Use // FIXME: to annotate problems

    function Calculator() {
    
        // FIXME: shouldn't use a global here
        total = 0;
    
        return this;
    }
  • Use // TODO: to annotate solutions to problems

    function Calculator() {
    
        // TODO: total should be configurable by an options param
        this.total = 0;
    
        return this;
    }

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Whitespace

  • Use soft tabs set to 4 spaces.

    // good
    function() {
    ∙∙∙∙var name;
    }
    
    // bad
    function() {
    ∙∙var name;
    }
    
    // good
    function() {
        var name;
    }
  • The above guideline is up for debate. See the note at the top of this document.

  • Place 1 space before the leading brace.

    // bad
    function test(){
        console.log('test');
    }
    
    // good
    function test() {
        console.log('test');
    }
    
    // bad
    dog.set('attr',{
        age: '1 year',
        breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'
    });
    
    // good
    dog.set('attr', {
        age: '1 year',
        breed: 'Bernese Mountain Dog'
    });
  • Set off operators with spaces.

    // bad
    var x=y+5;
    
    // good
    var x = y + 5;
  • Place an empty newline at the end of the file.

    // bad
    (function(global) {
        // ...stuff...
    })(this);
    // good
    (function(global) {
        // ...stuff...
    })(this);
  • Use indentation when making long method chains.

    // bad
    $('#items').find('.selected').highlight().end().find('.open').updateCount();
    
    // good
    $('#items')
        .find('.selected')
            .highlight()
            .end()
        .find('.open')
            .updateCount();
    
    // bad
    var leds = stage.selectAll('.led').data(data).enter().append('svg:svg').class('led', true)
        .attr('width',  (radius + margin) * 2).append('svg:g')
        .attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')')
        .call(tron.led);
    
    // good
    var leds = stage.selectAll('.led')
            .data(data)
        .enter().append('svg:svg')
            .class('led', true)
            .attr('width',  (radius + margin) * 2)
        .append('svg:g')
            .attr('transform', 'translate(' + (radius + margin) + ',' + (radius + margin) + ')')
            .call(tron.led);

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Commas

  • Leading commas: Nope.

    // bad
    var once
        , upon
        , aTime;
    
    // good
    var once,
        upon,
        aTime;
    
    // bad
    var hero = {
        firstName: 'Bob'
        , lastName: 'Parr'
        , heroName: 'Mr. Incredible'
        , superPower: 'strength'
    };
    
    // good
    var hero = {
        firstName: 'Bob',
        lastName: 'Parr',
        heroName: 'Mr. Incredible',
        superPower: 'strength'
    };
  • Additional trailing comma: Nope. This can cause problems with IE6/7 and IE9 if it's in quirksmode. Also, in some implementations of ES3 would add length to an array if it had an additional trailing comma. This was clarified in ES5 (source):

Edition 5 clarifies the fact that a trailing comma at the end of an ArrayInitialiser does not add to the length of the array. This is not a semantic change from Edition 3 but some implementations may have previously misinterpreted this.

```javascript
// bad
var hero = {
    firstName: 'Kevin',
    lastName: 'Flynn',
};

var heroes = [
    'Batman',
    'Superman',
];

// good
var hero = {
    firstName: 'Kevin',
    lastName: 'Flynn'
};

var heroes = [
    'Batman',
    'Superman'
];
```

⬆ back to top

Semicolons

  • Yup.

    // bad
    (function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker'
        return name
    })()
    
    // good
    (function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker';
        return name;
    })();
    
    // good
    ;(function() {
        var name = 'Skywalker';
        return name;
    })();

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Type Casting & Coercion

  • Perform type coercion at the beginning of the statement.

  • Strings:

    //  => this.reviewScore = 9;
    
    // bad
    var totalScore = this.reviewScore + '';
    
    // good
    var totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore;
    
    // bad
    var totalScore = '' + this.reviewScore + ' total score';
    
    // good
    var totalScore = this.reviewScore + ' total score';
  • Use parseInt for Numbers and always with a radix for type casting.

    var inputValue = '4';
    
    // bad
    var val = new Number(inputValue);
    
    // bad
    var val = +inputValue;
    
    // bad
    var val = inputValue >> 0;
    
    // bad
    var val = parseInt(inputValue);
    
    // good
    var val = Number(inputValue);
    
    // good
    var val = parseInt(inputValue, 10);
  • If for whatever reason you are doing something wild and parseInt is your bottleneck and need to use Bitshift for performance reasons, leave a comment explaining why and what you're doing.

  • Note: Be careful when using bitshift operations. Numbers are represented as 64-bit values, but Bitshift operations always return a 32-bit integer (source). Bitshift can lead to unexpected behavior for integer values larger than 32 bits. Discussion

    // good
    /**
     * parseInt was the reason my code was slow.
     * Bitshifting the String to coerce it to a
     * Number made it a lot faster.
     */
    var val = inputValue >> 0;
  • Booleans:

    var age = 0;
    
    // bad
    var hasAge = new Boolean(age);
    
    // good
    var hasAge = Boolean(age);
    
    // good
    var hasAge = !!age;

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Naming Conventions

  • Avoid single letter names. Be descriptive with your naming. Use verbs when naming functions, nouns for objects.

    // bad
    function q() {
        // ...stuff...
    }
    
    // good
    function findPerson() {
        // ..stuff..
    }
  • Use PascalCase when naming constructors or classes

    // bad
    function user(options) {
        this.name = options.name;
    }
    
    var bad = new user({
        name: 'nope'
    });
    
    // good
    function User(options) {
        this.name = options.name;
    }
    
    var good = new User({
        name: 'yup'
    });
  • Use camelCase when naming functions or object methods. Use descriptive names, preferably starting with a verb.

    // bad
    function MethodName() {};
    function method_name() {};
    var MyObject = {
        MethodName: function() {},
        method_name: function() {}
    };
    
    // good
    function doSomething() {};
    var MyObject = {
        doSomething: function() {}
    };
  • Use lowercase_with_underscores when naming instances, variables, or object properties.

    // bad
    var myObject = new MyObject();
    var myVar = 'bad';
    myObject.myProperty = 'bad';
    
    // good
    var my_object = new MyObject();
    var my_var = 'good';
    my_object.my_property = 'good';
  • Use ALL_CAPS_WITH_UNDERSCORES when naming constants.

    // bad
    var some_constant = 'immutable value';
    
    // good
    var SOME_CONSTANT = 'immutable value';
  • Use a leading underscore _ when naming private properties. Or, avoid exposing private properties to other modules entirely.

    // bad
    this.__firstName__ = 'Panda';
    this.firstName_ = 'Panda';
    
    // good
    this._firstName = 'Panda';
  • When saving a reference to this use _this.

    // bad
    function() {
        var self = this;
        return function() {
            console.log(self);
        };
    }
    
    // bad
    function() {
        var that = this;
        return function() {
            console.log(that);
        };
    }
    
    // good
    function() {
        var _this = this;
        return function() {
            console.log(_this);
        };
    }
  • Name your functions. This is helpful for stack traces.

    // bad
    var log = function(msg) {
        console.log(msg);
    };
    
    // good
    var log = function log(msg) {
        console.log(msg);
    };

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Accessors

  • Accessor functions for properties are not required

  • If you do make accessor functions use getVal() and setVal('hello')

    // bad
    dragon.age();
    
    // good
    dragon.getAge();
    
    // bad
    dragon.age(25);
    
    // good
    dragon.setAge(25);
  • If the property is a boolean, use isVal() or hasVal()

    // bad
    if (!dragon.age()) {
        return false;
    }
    
    // good
    if (!dragon.hasAge()) {
        return false;
    }
  • It's okay to create get() and set() functions, but be consistent.

    function Jedi(options) {
        options || (options = {});
        var lightsaber = options.lightsaber || 'blue';
        this.set('lightsaber', lightsaber);
    }
    
    Jedi.prototype.set = function(key, val) {
        this[key] = val;
    };
    
    Jedi.prototype.get = function(key) {
        return this[key];
    };

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Constructors

  • Assign methods to the prototype object, instead of overwriting the prototype with a new object. Overwriting the prototype makes inheritance impossible: by resetting the prototype you'll overwrite the base!

    function Jedi() {
        console.log('new jedi');
    }
    
    // bad
    Jedi.prototype = {
        fight: function fight() {
            console.log('fighting');
        },
    
        block: function block() {
            console.log('blocking');
        }
    };
    
    // good
    Jedi.prototype.fight = function fight() {
        console.log('fighting');
    };
    
    Jedi.prototype.block = function block() {
        console.log('blocking');
    };
  • Methods can return this to help with method chaining.

    // bad
    Jedi.prototype.jump = function() {
        this.jumping = true;
        return true;
    };
    
    Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {
        this.height = height;
    };
    
    var luke = new Jedi();
    luke.jump(); // => true
    luke.setHeight(20) // => undefined
    
    // good
    Jedi.prototype.jump = function() {
        this.jumping = true;
        return this;
    };
    
    Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function(height) {
        this.height = height;
        return this;
    };
    
    var luke = new Jedi();
    
    luke.jump()
        .setHeight(20);
  • It's okay to write a custom toString() method, just make sure it works successfully and causes no side effects.

    function Jedi(options) {
        options || (options = {});
        this.name = options.name || 'no name';
    }
    
    Jedi.prototype.getName = function getName() {
        return this.name;
    };
    
    Jedi.prototype.toString = function toString() {
        return 'Jedi - ' + this.getName();
    };

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Events

  • When attaching data payloads to events (whether DOM events or something more proprietary like Backbone events), pass a hash instead of a raw value. This allows a subsequent contributor to add more data to the event payload without finding and updating every handler for the event. For example, instead of:

    // bad
    $(this).trigger('listingUpdated', listing.id);
    
    ...
    
    $(this).on('listingUpdated', function(e, listingId) {
        // do something with listingId
    });

    prefer:

    // good
    $(this).trigger('listingUpdated', { listingId : listing.id });
    
    ...
    
    $(this).on('listingUpdated', function(e, data) {
        // do something with data.listingId
    });

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Modules

  • The module should start with a !. This ensures that if a malformed module forgets to include a final semicolon there aren't errors in production when the scripts get concatenated. Explanation

  • The file should be named with camelCase, live in a folder with the same name, and match the name of the single export.

  • Add a method called noConflict() that sets the exported module to the previous version and returns this one.

  • Always declare 'use strict'; at the top of the module.

    // fancyInput/fancyInput.js
    
    !function(global) {
        'use strict';
    
        var previousFancyInput = global.FancyInput;
    
        function FancyInput(options) {
            this.options = options || {};
        }
    
        FancyInput.noConflict = function noConflict() {
            global.FancyInput = previousFancyInput;
            return FancyInput;
        };
    
        global.FancyInput = FancyInput;
    }(this);

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jQuery

  • Prefix jQuery object variables with a $.

    // bad
    var sidebar = $('.sidebar');
    
    // good
    var $sidebar = $('.sidebar');
  • Cache jQuery lookups.

    // bad
    function setSidebar() {
        $('.sidebar').hide();
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        $('.sidebar').css({
            'background-color': 'pink'
        });
    }
    
    // good
    function setSidebar() {
        var $sidebar = $('.sidebar');
        $sidebar.hide();
    
        // ...stuff...
    
        $sidebar.css({
            'background-color': 'pink'
        });
    }
  • For DOM queries use Cascading $('.sidebar ul') or parent > child $('.sidebar > ul'). jsPerf

  • Use find with scoped jQuery object queries.

    // bad
    $('ul', '.sidebar').hide();
    
    // bad
    $('.sidebar').find('ul').hide();
    
    // good
    $('.sidebar ul').hide();
    
    // good
    $('.sidebar > ul').hide();
    
    // good
    $sidebar.find('ul').hide();

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ECMAScript 5 Compatibility

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Testing

  • Yup.

    function() {
        return true;
    }

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Performance

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Resources

Read This

Other Styleguides

Other Styles

Further Reading

Books

Blogs

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In the Wild

This is a list of organizations that are using this style guide. Send us a pull request or open an issue and we'll add you to the list.

Translation

This style guide is also available in other languages:

The JavaScript Style Guide Guide

Contributors

License

(The MIT License)

Copyright (c) 2014 Airbnb

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

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};