fix(core): Support extending differs from root NgModule

[mhevery]

Differs tries to inject parent differ in order to support extending.
This does not work in the 'root' injector as the provider overrides the
default injector. The fix is to just assume standard set of providers
and extend those instead.

PR Close #25015
Issue close #11309 Can't extend IterableDiffers
Issue close #18554 IterableDiffers.extend is not AOT compatible (This is fixed because we no longer have an arrow function in the factory but a proper function which can be imported.)

PR Checklist

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• Tests for the changes have been added (for bug fixes / features)
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PR Type

What kind of change does this PR introduce?

• Bugfix
• Feature
• Code style update (formatting, local variables)
• Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
• Build related changes
• CI related changes
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• Other... Please describe:

What is the current behavior?

Issue Number: N/A

What is the new behavior?

Does this PR introduce a breaking change?

• Yes
• No

Other information

[AndrewKushnir]

LGTM 👍

[ngbot]

I see that you just added the action: merge label, but the following checks are still failing:
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[AndrewKushnir]

Reviewed-for: size-tracking

[AndrewKushnir]

@mhevery just noticed that there is a couple unrelated changes now. Could you please have a look when you get a sec?

[mhevery]

presubmit

[petebacondarwin]

Reviewed-for: size-tracking

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