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Configuring Ruff

Ruff can be configured through a pyproject.toml, ruff.toml, or .ruff.toml file.

Whether you're using Ruff as a linter, formatter, or both, the underlying configuration strategy and semantics are the same.

For a complete enumeration of the available configuration options, see Settings.

Using pyproject.toml

If left unspecified, Ruff's default configuration is equivalent to:

[tool.ruff]
# Exclude a variety of commonly ignored directories.
exclude = [
    ".bzr",
    ".direnv",
    ".eggs",
    ".git",
    ".git-rewrite",
    ".hg",
    ".mypy_cache",
    ".nox",
    ".pants.d",
    ".pytype",
    ".ruff_cache",
    ".svn",
    ".tox",
    ".venv",
    "__pypackages__",
    "_build",
    "buck-out",
    "build",
    "dist",
    "node_modules",
    "venv",
]

# Same as Black.
line-length = 88
indent-width = 4

# Assume Python 3.8
target-version = "py38"

[tool.ruff.lint]
# Enable Pyflakes (`F`) and a subset of the pycodestyle (`E`)  codes by default.
# Unlike Flake8, Ruff doesn't enable pycodestyle warnings (`W`) or
# McCabe complexity (`C901`) by default.
select = ["E4", "E7", "E9", "F"]
ignore = []

# Allow fix for all enabled rules (when `--fix`) is provided.
fixable = ["ALL"]
unfixable = []

# Allow unused variables when underscore-prefixed.
dummy-variable-rgx = "^(_+|(_+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*[a-zA-Z0-9]+?))$"

[tool.ruff.format]
# Like Black, use double quotes for strings.
quote-style = "double"

# Like Black, indent with spaces, rather than tabs.
indent-style = "space"

# Like Black, respect magic trailing commas.
magic-trailing-comma = "respect"

# Like Black, automatically detect the appropriate line ending.
line-ending = "auto"

As an example, the following would configure Ruff to:

[tool.ruff.lint]
# 1. Enable flake8-bugbear (`B`) rules, in addition to the defaults.
select = ["E", "F", "B"]

# 2. Avoid enforcing line-length violations (`E501`)
ignore = ["E501"]

# 3. Avoid trying to fix flake8-bugbear (`B`) violations.
unfixable = ["B"]

# 4. Ignore `E402` (import violations) in all `__init__.py` files, and in select subdirectories.
[tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
"__init__.py" = ["E402"]
"**/{tests,docs,tools}/*" = ["E402"]

[tool.ruff.format]
# 5. Use single quotes for non-triple-quoted strings.
quote-style = "single"

Linter plugin configurations are expressed as subsections, e.g.:

[tool.ruff.lint]
# Add "Q" to the list of enabled codes.
select = ["E", "F", "Q"]

[tool.ruff.lint.flake8-quotes]
docstring-quotes = "double"

For a complete enumeration of the available configuration options, see Settings.

Using ruff.toml

As an alternative to pyproject.toml, Ruff will also respect a ruff.toml (or .ruff.toml) file, which implements an equivalent schema (though in the ruff.toml and .ruff.toml versions, the [tool.ruff] header is omitted).

For example, the pyproject.toml described above would be represented via the following ruff.toml (or .ruff.toml):

[lint]
# Enable flake8-bugbear (`B`) rules.
select = ["E", "F", "B"]

# Never enforce `E501` (line length violations).
ignore = ["E501"]

# Avoid trying to fix flake8-bugbear (`B`) violations.
unfixable = ["B"]

# Ignore `E402` (import violations) in all `__init__.py` files, and in select subdirectories.
[lint.per-file-ignores]
"__init__.py" = ["E402"]
"**/{tests,docs,tools}/*" = ["E402"]

[format]
# Use single quotes for non-triple-quoted strings.
quote-style = "single"

For a complete enumeration of the available configuration options, see Settings.

pyproject.toml discovery

Similar to ESLint, Ruff supports hierarchical configuration, such that the "closest" pyproject.toml file in the directory hierarchy is used for every individual file, with all paths in the pyproject.toml file (e.g., exclude globs, src paths) being resolved relative to the directory containing that pyproject.toml file.

There are a few exceptions to these rules:

  1. In locating the "closest" pyproject.toml file for a given path, Ruff ignores any pyproject.toml files that lack a [tool.ruff] section.
  2. If a configuration file is passed directly via --config, those settings are used for all analyzed files, and any relative paths in that configuration file (like exclude globs or src paths) are resolved relative to the current working directory.
  3. If no pyproject.toml file is found in the filesystem hierarchy, Ruff will fall back to using a default configuration. If a user-specific configuration file exists at ${config_dir}/ruff/pyproject.toml, that file will be used instead of the default configuration, with ${config_dir} being determined via the dirs crate, and all relative paths being again resolved relative to the current working directory.
  4. Any pyproject.toml-supported settings that are provided on the command-line (e.g., via --select) will override the settings in every resolved configuration file.

Unlike ESLint, Ruff does not merge settings across configuration files; instead, the "closest" configuration file is used, and any parent configuration files are ignored. In lieu of this implicit cascade, Ruff supports an extend field, which allows you to inherit the settings from another pyproject.toml file, like so:

[tool.ruff]
# Extend the `pyproject.toml` file in the parent directory...
extend = "../pyproject.toml"

# ...but use a different line length.
line-length = 100

All of the above rules apply equivalently to ruff.toml and .ruff.toml files. If Ruff detects multiple configuration files in the same directory, the .ruff.toml file will take precedence over the ruff.toml file, and the ruff.toml file will take precedence over the pyproject.toml file.

Python file discovery

When passed a path on the command-line, Ruff will automatically discover all Python files in that path, taking into account the exclude and extend-exclude settings in each directory's pyproject.toml file.

Files can also be selectively excluded from linting or formatting by scoping the exclude and extend-exclude settings to the tool-specific configuration tables. For example, the following would prevent ruff from formatting .pyi files, but would continue to include them in linting:

[tool.ruff.format]
extend-exclude = ["*.pyi"]

By default, Ruff will also skip any files that are omitted via .ignore, .gitignore, .git/info/exclude, and global gitignore files (see: respect-gitignore).

Files that are passed to ruff directly are always analyzed, regardless of the above criteria. For example, ruff check /path/to/excluded/file.py will always lint file.py.

Jupyter Notebook discovery

Ruff has built-in support for Jupyter Notebooks.

To opt in to linting and formatting Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) files, add the *.ipynb pattern to your extend-include setting, like so:

[tool.ruff]
extend-include = ["*.ipynb"]

This will prompt Ruff to discover Jupyter Notebook (.ipynb) files in any specified directories, then lint and format them accordingly.

Alternatively, pass the notebook file(s) to ruff on the command-line directly. For example, ruff check /path/to/notebook.ipynb will always lint notebook.ipynb. Similarly, ruff format /path/to/notebook.ipynb will always format notebook.ipynb.

All of the above rules apply equivalently to ruff.toml and .ruff.toml files. If Ruff detects multiple configuration files in the same directory, the .ruff.toml file will take precedence over the ruff.toml file, and the ruff.toml file will take precedence over the pyproject.toml file.

Command-line interface

Some configuration options can be provided via the command-line, such as those related to rule enablement and disablement, file discovery, logging level, and more:

ruff check path/to/code/ --select F401 --select F403 --quiet

See ruff help for more on Ruff's top-level commands:

Ruff: An extremely fast Python linter.

Usage: ruff [OPTIONS] <COMMAND>

Commands:
  check    Run Ruff on the given files or directories (default)
  rule     Explain a rule (or all rules)
  config   List or describe the available configuration options
  linter   List all supported upstream linters
  clean    Clear any caches in the current directory and any subdirectories
  format   Run the Ruff formatter on the given files or directories
  version  Display Ruff's version
  help     Print this message or the help of the given subcommand(s)

Options:
  -h, --help     Print help
  -V, --version  Print version

Log levels:
  -v, --verbose  Enable verbose logging
  -q, --quiet    Print diagnostics, but nothing else
  -s, --silent   Disable all logging (but still exit with status code "1" upon detecting diagnostics)

For help with a specific command, see: `ruff help <command>`.

Or ruff help check for more on the linting command:

Run Ruff on the given files or directories (default)

Usage: ruff check [OPTIONS] [FILES]...

Arguments:
  [FILES]...  List of files or directories to check

Options:
      --fix
          Apply fixes to resolve lint violations. Use `--no-fix` to disable or `--unsafe-fixes` to include unsafe fixes
      --unsafe-fixes
          Include fixes that may not retain the original intent of the code. Use `--no-unsafe-fixes` to disable
      --show-source
          Show violations with source code. Use `--no-show-source` to disable
      --show-fixes
          Show an enumeration of all fixed lint violations. Use `--no-show-fixes` to disable
      --diff
          Avoid writing any fixed files back; instead, output a diff for each changed file to stdout. Implies `--fix-only`
  -w, --watch
          Run in watch mode by re-running whenever files change
      --fix-only
          Apply fixes to resolve lint violations, but don't report on leftover violations. Implies `--fix`. Use `--no-fix-only` to disable or `--unsafe-fixes` to include unsafe fixes
      --ignore-noqa
          Ignore any `# noqa` comments
      --output-format <OUTPUT_FORMAT>
          Output serialization format for violations [env: RUFF_OUTPUT_FORMAT=] [possible values: text, json, json-lines, junit, grouped, github, gitlab, pylint, azure]
  -o, --output-file <OUTPUT_FILE>
          Specify file to write the linter output to (default: stdout)
      --target-version <TARGET_VERSION>
          The minimum Python version that should be supported [possible values: py37, py38, py39, py310, py311, py312]
      --preview
          Enable preview mode; checks will include unstable rules and fixes. Use `--no-preview` to disable
      --config <CONFIG>
          Path to the `pyproject.toml` or `ruff.toml` file to use for configuration
      --statistics
          Show counts for every rule with at least one violation
      --add-noqa
          Enable automatic additions of `noqa` directives to failing lines
      --show-files
          See the files Ruff will be run against with the current settings
      --show-settings
          See the settings Ruff will use to lint a given Python file
  -h, --help
          Print help

Rule selection:
      --select <RULE_CODE>
          Comma-separated list of rule codes to enable (or ALL, to enable all rules)
      --ignore <RULE_CODE>
          Comma-separated list of rule codes to disable
      --extend-select <RULE_CODE>
          Like --select, but adds additional rule codes on top of those already specified
      --per-file-ignores <PER_FILE_IGNORES>
          List of mappings from file pattern to code to exclude
      --extend-per-file-ignores <EXTEND_PER_FILE_IGNORES>
          Like `--per-file-ignores`, but adds additional ignores on top of those already specified
      --fixable <RULE_CODE>
          List of rule codes to treat as eligible for fix. Only applicable when fix itself is enabled (e.g., via `--fix`)
      --unfixable <RULE_CODE>
          List of rule codes to treat as ineligible for fix. Only applicable when fix itself is enabled (e.g., via `--fix`)
      --extend-fixable <RULE_CODE>
          Like --fixable, but adds additional rule codes on top of those already specified

File selection:
      --exclude <FILE_PATTERN>         List of paths, used to omit files and/or directories from analysis
      --extend-exclude <FILE_PATTERN>  Like --exclude, but adds additional files and directories on top of those already excluded
      --respect-gitignore              Respect file exclusions via `.gitignore` and other standard ignore files. Use `--no-respect-gitignore` to disable
      --force-exclude                  Enforce exclusions, even for paths passed to Ruff directly on the command-line. Use `--no-force-exclude` to disable

Miscellaneous:
  -n, --no-cache
          Disable cache reads
      --isolated
          Ignore all configuration files
      --cache-dir <CACHE_DIR>
          Path to the cache directory [env: RUFF_CACHE_DIR=]
      --stdin-filename <STDIN_FILENAME>
          The name of the file when passing it through stdin
  -e, --exit-zero
          Exit with status code "0", even upon detecting lint violations
      --exit-non-zero-on-fix
          Exit with a non-zero status code if any files were modified via fix, even if no lint violations remain

Log levels:
  -v, --verbose  Enable verbose logging
  -q, --quiet    Print diagnostics, but nothing else
  -s, --silent   Disable all logging (but still exit with status code "1" upon detecting diagnostics)

Or ruff help format for more on the formatting command:

Run the Ruff formatter on the given files or directories

Usage: ruff format [OPTIONS] [FILES]...

Arguments:
  [FILES]...  List of files or directories to format

Options:
      --check
          Avoid writing any formatted files back; instead, exit with a non-zero status code if any files would have been modified, and zero otherwise
      --diff
          Avoid writing any formatted files back; instead, exit with a non-zero status code and the difference between the current file and how the formatted file would look like
      --config <CONFIG>
          Path to the `pyproject.toml` or `ruff.toml` file to use for configuration
      --target-version <TARGET_VERSION>
          The minimum Python version that should be supported [possible values: py37, py38, py39, py310, py311, py312]
      --preview
          Enable preview mode; enables unstable formatting. Use `--no-preview` to disable
  -h, --help
          Print help

Miscellaneous:
  -n, --no-cache                         Disable cache reads
      --cache-dir <CACHE_DIR>            Path to the cache directory [env: RUFF_CACHE_DIR=]
      --isolated                         Ignore all configuration files
      --stdin-filename <STDIN_FILENAME>  The name of the file when passing it through stdin

File selection:
      --respect-gitignore       Respect file exclusions via `.gitignore` and other standard ignore files. Use `--no-respect-gitignore` to disable
      --exclude <FILE_PATTERN>  List of paths, used to omit files and/or directories from analysis
      --force-exclude           Enforce exclusions, even for paths passed to Ruff directly on the command-line. Use `--no-force-exclude` to disable

Log levels:
  -v, --verbose  Enable verbose logging
  -q, --quiet    Print diagnostics, but nothing else
  -s, --silent   Disable all logging (but still exit with status code "1" upon detecting diagnostics)

Shell autocompletion

Ruff supports autocompletion for most shells. A shell-specific completion script can be generated by ruff generate-shell-completion <SHELL>, where <SHELL> is one of bash, elvish, fig, fish, powershell, or zsh.

The exact steps required to enable autocompletion will vary by shell. For example instructions, see the Poetry or ripgrep documentation.

As an example: to enable autocompletion for Zsh, run ruff generate-shell-completion zsh > ~/.zfunc/_ruff. Then add the following line to your ~/.zshrc file, if they're not already present:

fpath+=~/.zfunc
autoload -Uz compinit && compinit