diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/expression.js b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/expression.js
index 23d131fd0d71..07228f8bf72c 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/expression.js
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/expression.js
@@ -2657,7 +2657,10 @@ export default class ExpressionParser extends LValParser {
     const node = this.startNode<N.ModuleExpression>();
     this.next(); // eat "module"
     this.expect(tt.braceL);
-    const revertScopes = this.initializeScopes();
+
+    const revertScopes = this.initializeScopes(/** inModule */ true);
+    this.enterInitialScopes();
+
     const program = this.startNode<N.Program>();
     try {
       node.body = this.parseProgram(program, tt.braceR, "module");
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/index.js b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/index.js
index 6e9446907527..2db11faf491c 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/index.js
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/index.js
@@ -5,14 +5,7 @@ import type { File /*::, JSXOpeningElement */ } from "../types";
 import type { PluginList } from "../plugin-utils";
 import { getOptions } from "../options";
 import StatementParser from "./statement";
-import { SCOPE_PROGRAM } from "../util/scopeflags";
 import ScopeHandler from "../util/scope";
-import ClassScopeHandler from "../util/class-scope";
-import ExpressionScopeHandler from "../util/expression-scope";
-import ProductionParameterHandler, {
-  PARAM_AWAIT,
-  PARAM,
-} from "../util/production-parameter";
 
 export type PluginsMap = Map<string, { [string]: any }>;
 
@@ -28,14 +21,8 @@ export default class Parser extends StatementParser {
     options = getOptions(options);
     super(options, input);
 
-    const ScopeHandler = this.getScopeHandler();
-
     this.options = options;
-    this.inModule = this.options.sourceType === "module";
-    this.scope = new ScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this), this.inModule);
-    this.prodParam = new ProductionParameterHandler();
-    this.classScope = new ClassScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this));
-    this.expressionScope = new ExpressionScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this));
+    this.initializeScopes();
     this.plugins = pluginsMap(this.options.plugins);
     this.filename = options.sourceFilename;
   }
@@ -46,12 +33,7 @@ export default class Parser extends StatementParser {
   }
 
   parse(): File {
-    let paramFlags = PARAM;
-    if (this.hasPlugin("topLevelAwait") && this.inModule) {
-      paramFlags |= PARAM_AWAIT;
-    }
-    this.scope.enter(SCOPE_PROGRAM);
-    this.prodParam.enter(paramFlags);
+    this.enterInitialScopes();
     const file = this.startNode();
     const program = this.startNode();
     this.nextToken();
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/util.js b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/util.js
index c9be7d3b0c7e..7be6eca4dd15 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/util.js
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/util.js
@@ -7,8 +7,12 @@ import type { Node } from "../types";
 import { lineBreak } from "../util/whitespace";
 import { isIdentifierChar } from "../util/identifier";
 import ClassScopeHandler from "../util/class-scope";
+import ExpressionScopeHandler from "../util/expression-scope";
 import { SCOPE_PROGRAM } from "../util/scopeflags";
-import { PARAM_AWAIT, PARAM } from "../util/production-parameter";
+import ProductionParameterHandler, {
+  PARAM_AWAIT,
+  PARAM,
+} from "../util/production-parameter";
 import { Errors } from "./error";
 
 type TryParse<Node, Error, Thrown, Aborted, FailState> = {
@@ -308,33 +312,53 @@ export default class UtilParser extends Tokenizer {
     return node.type === "ObjectMethod";
   }
 
-  initializeScopes() {
+  initializeScopes(inModule: boolean = this.options.sourceType === "module") {
+    // Initialize state
     const oldLabels = this.state.labels;
     this.state.labels = [];
+
     const oldExportedIdentifiers = this.state.exportedIdentifiers;
     this.state.exportedIdentifiers = [];
-    this.scope.enter(SCOPE_PROGRAM);
-    const oldUndefinedExports = this.scope.undefinedExports;
-    this.scope.undefinedExports = new Map();
-    let paramFlags = PARAM;
-    if (this.hasPlugin("topLevelAwait")) {
-      paramFlags |= PARAM_AWAIT;
-    }
-    this.prodParam.enter(paramFlags);
+
+    // initialize scopes
     const oldInModule = this.inModule;
-    this.inModule = true;
+    this.inModule = inModule;
+
+    const oldScope = this.scope;
+    const ScopeHandler = this.getScopeHandler();
+    this.scope = new ScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this), this.inModule);
+
+    const oldProdParam = this.prodParam;
+    this.prodParam = new ProductionParameterHandler();
+
     const oldClassScope = this.classScope;
     this.classScope = new ClassScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this));
+
+    const oldExpressionScope = this.expressionScope;
+    this.expressionScope = new ExpressionScopeHandler(this.raise.bind(this));
+
     return () => {
-      this.scope.exit();
-      this.scope.undefinedExports = oldUndefinedExports;
-      this.prodParam.exit();
-      this.inModule = oldInModule;
+      // Revert state
       this.state.labels = oldLabels;
       this.state.exportedIdentifiers = oldExportedIdentifiers;
+
+      // Revert scopes
+      this.inModule = oldInModule;
+      this.scope = oldScope;
+      this.prodParam = oldProdParam;
       this.classScope = oldClassScope;
+      this.expressionScope = oldExpressionScope;
     };
   }
+
+  enterInitialScopes() {
+    let paramFlags = PARAM;
+    if (this.hasPlugin("topLevelAwait") && this.inModule) {
+      paramFlags |= PARAM_AWAIT;
+    }
+    this.scope.enter(SCOPE_PROGRAM);
+    this.prodParam.enter(paramFlags);
+  }
 }
 
 /**