diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 0d273840cec0..1e7d45496c42 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ jobs:
         run: make -j prepublish-prepare-dts lint-ci
       - name: Ensure cwd does not contain uncommitted changes
         run: |
-          node ./scripts/assert-dir-git-clean.js code-quality
+          node ./scripts/assert-dir-git-clean.js "prepublish-prepare-dts lint-ci"
 
   test:
     name: Test on Node.js # GitHub will add ${{ matrix.node-version }} to this title
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/src/generators/statements.ts b/packages/babel-generator/src/generators/statements.ts
index 6a579923258f..e6b7a96a011a 100644
--- a/packages/babel-generator/src/generators/statements.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/src/generators/statements.ts
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ export function VariableDeclaration(
   }
 
   const { kind } = node;
-  this.word(kind, kind === "using");
+  this.word(kind, kind === "using" || kind === "await using");
   this.space();
 
   let hasInits = false;
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/input.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..962b5206590c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  /*0*/await/*1*/using/*2*/b/*3*/=/*4*/f()/*5*/;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/output.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/output.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2786f6c26c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/basic/output.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  /*0*/await using /*2*/b /*3*/ = /*4*/f() /*5*/; /*1*/
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/input.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..299468240f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  /*0*/for/*1*/(/*2*/await/*3*/using/*4*/b/*5*/=/*6*/x/*7*/;/*8*/;/*9*/)/*10*/;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/output.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/output.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..726cc7545464
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-init/output.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  /*0*/for /*1*/ /*8*/ /*9*/ ( /*2*/await using /*4*/b /*5*/ = /*6*/x /*3*/ /*7*/;;) /*10*/;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/input.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..06759207603b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+async function f() {
+  {
+    /*0*/for/*1*/(/*2*/await/*3*/using/*4*/b/*5*/of/*6*/x/*7*/)/*8*/;
+  }
+  {
+    /*0*/for/*1*/await/*2*/(/*3*/await/*4*/using/*5*/b/*6*/of/*7*/x/*8*/)/*9*/;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/output.js b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/output.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..573a4a22ec23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/for-using-of/output.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+async function f() {
+  {
+    /*0*/for /*1*/ ( /*2*/await using /*4*/b /*3*/ /*5*/ of /*6*/x /*7*/) /*8*/;
+  }
+  {
+    /*0*/for /*1*/ /*2*/ await ( /*3*/await using /*5*/b /*4*/ /*6*/ of /*7*/x /*8*/) /*9*/;
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/options.json b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..495a16f9a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-generator/test/fixtures/await-using-declarations/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/data/schema.json b/packages/babel-parser/data/schema.json
index ec354824d433..8573cc3ee88a 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/data/schema.json
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/data/schema.json
@@ -126,6 +126,7 @@
           },
           {
             "enum": [
+              "asyncDoExpressions",
               "asyncGenerators",
               "bigInt",
               "classPrivateMethods",
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/parse-error/standard-errors.ts b/packages/babel-parser/src/parse-error/standard-errors.ts
index 64df29c7efb5..7eebae6e5b4d 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/parse-error/standard-errors.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/parse-error/standard-errors.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ export default {
     "Can not use 'await' as identifier inside a static block.",
   AwaitExpressionFormalParameter:
     "'await' is not allowed in async function parameters.",
+  AwaitUsingNotInAsyncContext:
+    "'await using' is only allowed within async functions and at the top levels of modules.",
   AwaitNotInAsyncContext:
     "'await' is only allowed within async functions and at the top levels of modules.",
   AwaitNotInAsyncFunction: "'await' is only allowed within async functions.",
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/statement.ts b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/statement.ts
index bd023239ef5b..ed3e37800791 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/statement.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/parser/statement.ts
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import {
 import ExpressionParser from "./expression";
 import { Errors } from "../parse-error";
 import { isIdentifierChar, isIdentifierStart } from "../util/identifier";
-import { lineBreak } from "../util/whitespace";
 import * as charCodes from "charcodes";
 import {
   BIND_CLASS,
@@ -349,6 +348,19 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
     }
   }
 
+  startsAwaitUsing(): boolean {
+    let next = this.nextTokenInLineStart();
+    if (this.isUnparsedContextual(next, "using")) {
+      next = this.nextTokenInLineStartSince(next + 5);
+      const nextCh = this.codePointAtPos(next);
+      if (this.chStartsBindingIdentifier(nextCh, next)) {
+        this.expectPlugin("explicitResourceManagement");
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
   // https://tc39.es/ecma262/#prod-ModuleItem
   parseModuleItem(this: Parser) {
     return this.parseStatementLike(
@@ -483,6 +495,23 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
       case tt._try:
         return this.parseTryStatement(node as Undone<N.TryStatement>);
 
+      case tt._await:
+        // [+Await] await [no LineTerminator here] using [no LineTerminator here] BindingList[+Using]
+        if (!this.state.containsEsc && this.startsAwaitUsing()) {
+          if (!this.isAwaitAllowed()) {
+            this.raise(Errors.AwaitUsingNotInAsyncContext, { at: node });
+          } else if (!allowDeclaration) {
+            this.raise(Errors.UnexpectedLexicalDeclaration, {
+              at: node,
+            });
+          }
+          this.next(); // eat 'await'
+          return this.parseVarStatement(
+            node as Undone<N.VariableDeclaration>,
+            "await using",
+          );
+        }
+        break;
       case tt._using:
         // using [no LineTerminator here] BindingList[+Using]
         if (
@@ -913,31 +942,49 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
     }
 
     const startsWithLet = this.isContextual(tt._let);
-    const startsWithUsing = this.isContextual(tt._using);
-    const isLetOrUsing =
-      (startsWithLet && this.hasFollowingBindingAtom()) ||
-      (startsWithUsing && this.startsUsingForOf());
-    if (this.match(tt._var) || this.match(tt._const) || isLetOrUsing) {
-      const initNode = this.startNode<N.VariableDeclaration>();
-      const kind = this.state.value;
-      this.next();
-      this.parseVar(initNode, true, kind);
-      const init = this.finishNode(initNode, "VariableDeclaration");
+    {
+      const startsWithAwaitUsing =
+        this.isContextual(tt._await) && this.startsAwaitUsing();
+      const starsWithUsingDeclaration =
+        startsWithAwaitUsing ||
+        (this.isContextual(tt._using) && this.startsUsingForOf());
+      const isLetOrUsing =
+        (startsWithLet && this.hasFollowingBindingAtom()) ||
+        starsWithUsingDeclaration;
+
+      if (this.match(tt._var) || this.match(tt._const) || isLetOrUsing) {
+        const initNode = this.startNode<N.VariableDeclaration>();
+        let kind;
+        if (startsWithAwaitUsing) {
+          kind = "await using";
+          if (!this.isAwaitAllowed()) {
+            this.raise(Errors.AwaitUsingNotInAsyncContext, {
+              at: this.state.startLoc,
+            });
+          }
+          this.next(); // eat 'await'
+        } else {
+          kind = this.state.value;
+        }
+        this.next();
+        this.parseVar(initNode, true, kind);
+        const init = this.finishNode(initNode, "VariableDeclaration");
 
-      const isForIn = this.match(tt._in);
-      if (isForIn && startsWithUsing) {
-        this.raise(Errors.ForInUsing, { at: init });
-      }
-      if (
-        (isForIn || this.isContextual(tt._of)) &&
-        init.declarations.length === 1
-      ) {
-        return this.parseForIn(node as Undone<N.ForInOf>, init, awaitAt);
-      }
-      if (awaitAt !== null) {
-        this.unexpected(awaitAt);
+        const isForIn = this.match(tt._in);
+        if (isForIn && starsWithUsingDeclaration) {
+          this.raise(Errors.ForInUsing, { at: init });
+        }
+        if (
+          (isForIn || this.isContextual(tt._of)) &&
+          init.declarations.length === 1
+        ) {
+          return this.parseForIn(node as Undone<N.ForInOf>, init, awaitAt);
+        }
+        if (awaitAt !== null) {
+          this.unexpected(awaitAt);
+        }
+        return this.parseFor(node as Undone<N.ForStatement>, init);
       }
-      return this.parseFor(node as Undone<N.ForStatement>, init);
     }
 
     // Check whether the first token is possibly a contextual keyword, so that
@@ -1159,7 +1206,7 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
   parseVarStatement(
     this: Parser,
     node: Undone<N.VariableDeclaration>,
-    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using",
+    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using",
     allowMissingInitializer: boolean = false,
   ): N.VariableDeclaration {
     this.next();
@@ -1492,7 +1539,7 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
     this: Parser,
     node: Undone<N.VariableDeclaration>,
     isFor: boolean,
-    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using",
+    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using",
     allowMissingInitializer: boolean = false,
   ): Undone<N.VariableDeclaration> {
     const declarations: N.VariableDeclarator[] = (node.declarations = []);
@@ -1534,7 +1581,7 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
   parseVarId(
     this: Parser,
     decl: Undone<N.VariableDeclarator>,
-    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using",
+    kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using",
   ): void {
     const id = this.parseBindingAtom();
     this.checkLVal(id, {
@@ -2458,11 +2505,8 @@ export default abstract class StatementParser extends ExpressionParser {
 
   isAsyncFunction(): boolean {
     if (!this.isContextual(tt._async)) return false;
-    const next = this.nextTokenStart();
-    return (
-      !lineBreak.test(this.input.slice(this.state.pos, next)) &&
-      this.isUnparsedContextual(next, "function")
-    );
+    const next = this.nextTokenInLineStart();
+    return this.isUnparsedContextual(next, "function");
   }
 
   parseExportDefaultExpression(this: Parser): N.Expression | N.Declaration {
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/src/types.d.ts b/packages/babel-parser/src/types.d.ts
index 3c178224b0bd..15fb192cebdf 100644
--- a/packages/babel-parser/src/types.d.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/src/types.d.ts
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ export interface FunctionDeclaration extends OptFunctionDeclaration {
 export interface VariableDeclaration extends DeclarationBase, HasDecorators {
   type: "VariableDeclaration";
   declarations: VariableDeclarator[];
-  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using";
+  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using";
 }
 
 export interface VariableDeclarator extends NodeBase {
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7dcf9e0239b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using in foo;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17b6ddee31ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42}},
+              "expression": {
+                "type": "BinaryExpression",
+                "start":23,"end":41,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":41}},
+                "left": {
+                  "type": "AwaitExpression",
+                  "start":23,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":34}},
+                  "argument": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":29,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":8,"index":29},"end":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":34},"identifierName":"using"},
+                    "name": "using"
+                  }
+                },
+                "operator": "in",
+                "right": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":38,"end":41,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":17,"index":38},"end":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":41},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                  "name": "foo"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1818647e4761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using instanceof foo;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..39f78de56eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/es2017/async-functions/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":52}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":52}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":52}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":52}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":50,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":50}},
+              "expression": {
+                "type": "BinaryExpression",
+                "start":23,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":28,"index":49}},
+                "left": {
+                  "type": "AwaitExpression",
+                  "start":23,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":34}},
+                  "argument": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":29,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":8,"index":29},"end":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":34},"identifierName":"using"},
+                    "name": "using"
+                  }
+                },
+                "operator": "instanceof",
+                "right": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":46,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46},"end":{"line":2,"column":28,"index":49},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                  "name": "foo"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0f2a5dfcc635
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using reader = getReader();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7f3de7534e6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/_no-plugin/explicit-resource-management-variable-declaration-async/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "throws": "This experimental syntax requires enabling the parser plugin: \"explicitResourceManagement\". (2:2)"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..82743cd3b697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+async function f() {
+  {
+    await using f, f = foo();
+  }
+  {
+    await using g = foo();
+    await using g = foo();
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dd7e07bd5c34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-duplicate-using-bindings/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":122,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":9,"column":1,"index":122}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: Identifier 'f' has already been declared. (3:19)",
+    "SyntaxError: Identifier 'g' has already been declared. (7:16)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":122,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":9,"column":1,"index":122}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":122,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":9,"column":1,"index":122}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":122,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":9,"column":1,"index":122}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "BlockStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":58,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":4,"column":3,"index":58}},
+              "body": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                  "start":29,"end":54,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":4,"index":29},"end":{"line":3,"column":29,"index":54}},
+                  "declarations": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                      "start":41,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":16,"index":41},"end":{"line":3,"column":17,"index":42}},
+                      "id": {
+                        "type": "Identifier",
+                        "start":41,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":16,"index":41},"end":{"line":3,"column":17,"index":42},"identifierName":"f"},
+                        "name": "f"
+                      },
+                      "init": null
+                    },
+                    {
+                      "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                      "start":44,"end":53,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":44},"end":{"line":3,"column":28,"index":53}},
+                      "id": {
+                        "type": "Identifier",
+                        "start":44,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":44},"end":{"line":3,"column":20,"index":45},"identifierName":"f"},
+                        "name": "f"
+                      },
+                      "init": {
+                        "type": "CallExpression",
+                        "start":48,"end":53,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":23,"index":48},"end":{"line":3,"column":28,"index":53}},
+                        "callee": {
+                          "type": "Identifier",
+                          "start":48,"end":51,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":23,"index":48},"end":{"line":3,"column":26,"index":51},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                          "name": "foo"
+                        },
+                        "arguments": []
+                      }
+                    }
+                  ],
+                  "kind": "await using"
+                }
+              ],
+              "directives": []
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "BlockStatement",
+              "start":61,"end":120,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":2,"index":61},"end":{"line":8,"column":3,"index":120}},
+              "body": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                  "start":67,"end":89,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":4,"index":67},"end":{"line":6,"column":26,"index":89}},
+                  "declarations": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                      "start":79,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":16,"index":79},"end":{"line":6,"column":25,"index":88}},
+                      "id": {
+                        "type": "Identifier",
+                        "start":79,"end":80,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":16,"index":79},"end":{"line":6,"column":17,"index":80},"identifierName":"g"},
+                        "name": "g"
+                      },
+                      "init": {
+                        "type": "CallExpression",
+                        "start":83,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":20,"index":83},"end":{"line":6,"column":25,"index":88}},
+                        "callee": {
+                          "type": "Identifier",
+                          "start":83,"end":86,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":20,"index":83},"end":{"line":6,"column":23,"index":86},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                          "name": "foo"
+                        },
+                        "arguments": []
+                      }
+                    }
+                  ],
+                  "kind": "await using"
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                  "start":94,"end":116,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":4,"index":94},"end":{"line":7,"column":26,"index":116}},
+                  "declarations": [
+                    {
+                      "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                      "start":106,"end":115,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":16,"index":106},"end":{"line":7,"column":25,"index":115}},
+                      "id": {
+                        "type": "Identifier",
+                        "start":106,"end":107,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":16,"index":106},"end":{"line":7,"column":17,"index":107},"identifierName":"g"},
+                        "name": "g"
+                      },
+                      "init": {
+                        "type": "CallExpression",
+                        "start":110,"end":115,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":20,"index":110},"end":{"line":7,"column":25,"index":115}},
+                        "callee": {
+                          "type": "Identifier",
+                          "start":110,"end":113,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":20,"index":110},"end":{"line":7,"column":23,"index":113},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                          "name": "foo"
+                        },
+                        "arguments": []
+                      }
+                    }
+                  ],
+                  "kind": "await using"
+                }
+              ],
+              "directives": []
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d9e7b79c9b5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+export await using basic = reader();
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9b76c337e1c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-export-await-using/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "module",
+  "throws": "Unexpected token, expected \"{\" (1:7)"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..60ebc45937a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  for (await
+    using basic of []);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..28c00573d82c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-linebreak-using/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "throws": "Unexpected token (3:20)"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5602d169cd23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  for (await using
+    basic of []);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..42f104b62d0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-for-of-await-using-linebreak/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "throws": "Unexpected token (3:14)"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e27ea3014676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+async function f() {
+  while (1) await using a;
+  for (;;) await using b;
+  do await using c; while (1);
+  if (1) await using d;
+  with (1) await using e;
+  label: await using f;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8e74752facbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-in-single-statement-context/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":180,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":8,"column":1,"index":180}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (2:12)",
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (3:11)",
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (4:5)",
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (5:9)",
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (6:11)",
+    "SyntaxError: Lexical declaration cannot appear in a single-statement context. (7:9)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":180,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":8,"column":1,"index":180}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":180,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":8,"column":1,"index":180}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":180,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":8,"column":1,"index":180}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "WhileStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":26,"index":47}},
+              "test": {
+                "type": "NumericLiteral",
+                "start":30,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":9,"index":30},"end":{"line":2,"column":10,"index":31}},
+                "extra": {
+                  "rawValue": 1,
+                  "raw": "1"
+                },
+                "value": 1
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":33,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":12,"index":33},"end":{"line":2,"column":26,"index":47}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":45,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":45,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46},"identifierName":"a"},
+                      "name": "a"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "ForStatement",
+              "start":50,"end":73,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":50},"end":{"line":3,"column":25,"index":73}},
+              "init": null,
+              "test": null,
+              "update": null,
+              "body": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":59,"end":73,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":11,"index":59},"end":{"line":3,"column":25,"index":73}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":71,"end":72,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":23,"index":71},"end":{"line":3,"column":24,"index":72}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":71,"end":72,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":23,"index":71},"end":{"line":3,"column":24,"index":72},"identifierName":"b"},
+                      "name": "b"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "DoWhileStatement",
+              "start":76,"end":104,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":2,"index":76},"end":{"line":4,"column":30,"index":104}},
+              "body": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":79,"end":93,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":5,"index":79},"end":{"line":4,"column":19,"index":93}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":91,"end":92,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":17,"index":91},"end":{"line":4,"column":18,"index":92}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":91,"end":92,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":17,"index":91},"end":{"line":4,"column":18,"index":92},"identifierName":"c"},
+                      "name": "c"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "test": {
+                "type": "NumericLiteral",
+                "start":101,"end":102,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":27,"index":101},"end":{"line":4,"column":28,"index":102}},
+                "extra": {
+                  "rawValue": 1,
+                  "raw": "1"
+                },
+                "value": 1
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "IfStatement",
+              "start":107,"end":128,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":2,"index":107},"end":{"line":5,"column":23,"index":128}},
+              "test": {
+                "type": "NumericLiteral",
+                "start":111,"end":112,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":6,"index":111},"end":{"line":5,"column":7,"index":112}},
+                "extra": {
+                  "rawValue": 1,
+                  "raw": "1"
+                },
+                "value": 1
+              },
+              "consequent": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":114,"end":128,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":9,"index":114},"end":{"line":5,"column":23,"index":128}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":126,"end":127,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":21,"index":126},"end":{"line":5,"column":22,"index":127}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":126,"end":127,"loc":{"start":{"line":5,"column":21,"index":126},"end":{"line":5,"column":22,"index":127},"identifierName":"d"},
+                      "name": "d"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "alternate": null
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "WithStatement",
+              "start":131,"end":154,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":2,"index":131},"end":{"line":6,"column":25,"index":154}},
+              "object": {
+                "type": "NumericLiteral",
+                "start":137,"end":138,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":8,"index":137},"end":{"line":6,"column":9,"index":138}},
+                "extra": {
+                  "rawValue": 1,
+                  "raw": "1"
+                },
+                "value": 1
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":140,"end":154,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":11,"index":140},"end":{"line":6,"column":25,"index":154}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":152,"end":153,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":23,"index":152},"end":{"line":6,"column":24,"index":153}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":152,"end":153,"loc":{"start":{"line":6,"column":23,"index":152},"end":{"line":6,"column":24,"index":153},"identifierName":"e"},
+                      "name": "e"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "LabeledStatement",
+              "start":157,"end":178,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":2,"index":157},"end":{"line":7,"column":23,"index":178}},
+              "body": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":164,"end":178,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":9,"index":164},"end":{"line":7,"column":23,"index":178}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":176,"end":177,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":21,"index":176},"end":{"line":7,"column":22,"index":177}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":176,"end":177,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":21,"index":176},"end":{"line":7,"column":22,"index":177},"identifierName":"f"},
+                      "name": "f"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "label": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":157,"end":162,"loc":{"start":{"line":7,"column":2,"index":157},"end":{"line":7,"column":7,"index":162},"identifierName":"label"},
+                "name": "label"
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..587d0b393803
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+label: await using x = bar();
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b412ffe6712f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "script"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..944dd71fb6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-labeled-using-binding/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":29,"index":29}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: 'await using' is only allowed within async functions and at the top levels of modules. (1:7)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":29,"index":29}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "LabeledStatement",
+        "start":0,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":29,"index":29}},
+        "body": {
+          "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+          "start":7,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":7,"index":7},"end":{"line":1,"column":29,"index":29}},
+          "declarations": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+              "start":19,"end":28,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":1,"column":28,"index":28}},
+              "id": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":19,"end":20,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":1,"column":20,"index":20},"identifierName":"x"},
+                "name": "x"
+              },
+              "init": {
+                "type": "CallExpression",
+                "start":23,"end":28,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":23,"index":23},"end":{"line":1,"column":28,"index":28}},
+                "callee": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":23,"end":26,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":23,"index":23},"end":{"line":1,"column":26,"index":26},"identifierName":"bar"},
+                  "name": "bar"
+                },
+                "arguments": []
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "kind": "await using"
+        },
+        "label": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":0,"end":5,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":5,"index":5},"identifierName":"label"},
+          "name": "label"
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c806400a3d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+await using x = bar();
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b412ffe6712f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "script"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bb1c9a28d166
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-script-top-level-using-binding/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":22,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":22,"index":22}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: 'await using' is only allowed within async functions and at the top levels of modules. (1:0)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":22,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":22,"index":22}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":22,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":1,"column":22,"index":22}},
+        "declarations": [
+          {
+            "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+            "start":12,"end":21,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":12,"index":12},"end":{"line":1,"column":21,"index":21}},
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+              "type": "Identifier",
+              "start":12,"end":13,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":12,"index":12},"end":{"line":1,"column":13,"index":13},"identifierName":"x"},
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+              "callee": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":16,"end":19,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"end":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"identifierName":"bar"},
+                "name": "bar"
+              },
+              "arguments": []
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "kind": "await using"
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8f6c68a2f80b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using [ foo ] = f();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9d347b2c68a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-array-pattern/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":51,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":51}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: Invalid left-hand side in assignment expression. (2:2)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
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+          "name": "f"
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+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
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+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":51,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":51}},
+          "body": [
+            {
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+              "start":23,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":28,"index":49}},
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+                    "start":29,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":8,"index":29},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42}},
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+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":29,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":8,"index":29},"end":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":34},"identifierName":"using"},
+                      "name": "using"
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+                    "computed": true,
+                    "property": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":37,"end":40,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":16,"index":37},"end":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                      "name": "foo"
+                    }
+                  }
+                },
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+                  "start":45,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":27,"index":48}},
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+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":45,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46},"identifierName":"f"},
+                    "name": "f"
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+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
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+        }
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+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c8bfd7d35a2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+async function f () {
+  await using await = h();
+}
+async function g () {
+  await using \u0061wait = h();
+}
+async function h () {
+  await using x, await = h();
+}
+async function i () {
+  for (await using await of []);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2104ca43283f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "module"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9c85f9b4860d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-module/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+{
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+    "SyntaxError: Unexpected reserved word 'await'. (5:14)",
+    "SyntaxError: Unexpected reserved word 'await'. (8:17)",
+    "SyntaxError: Unexpected reserved word 'await'. (11:19)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":217,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":12,"column":1,"index":217}},
+    "sourceType": "module",
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+          "body": [
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+              "left": {
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..ec9efef0a8e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using await = h();
+}
+async function f() {
+  await using \u0061wait = h();
+}
+async function f() {
+  await using x, await = h();
+}
+async function f() {
+  for (await using await of []);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b412ffe6712f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "script"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..e8bd0314fa0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-await-script/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
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+    "SyntaxError: Can not use 'await' as identifier inside an async function. (5:14)",
+    "SyntaxError: Can not use 'await' as identifier inside an async function. (8:17)",
+    "SyntaxError: Can not use 'await' as identifier inside an async function. (11:19)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
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+              "start":128,"end":155,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":2,"index":128},"end":{"line":8,"column":29,"index":155}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":140,"end":141,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":14,"index":140},"end":{"line":8,"column":15,"index":141}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":140,"end":141,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":14,"index":140},"end":{"line":8,"column":15,"index":141},"identifierName":"x"},
+                    "name": "x"
+                  },
+                  "init": null
+                },
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":143,"end":154,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":17,"index":143},"end":{"line":8,"column":28,"index":154}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":143,"end":148,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":17,"index":143},"end":{"line":8,"column":22,"index":148},"identifierName":"await"},
+                    "name": "await"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "CallExpression",
+                    "start":151,"end":154,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":25,"index":151},"end":{"line":8,"column":28,"index":154}},
+                    "callee": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":151,"end":152,"loc":{"start":{"line":8,"column":25,"index":151},"end":{"line":8,"column":26,"index":152},"identifierName":"h"},
+                      "name": "h"
+                    },
+                    "arguments": []
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      },
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":158,"end":213,"loc":{"start":{"line":10,"column":0,"index":158},"end":{"line":12,"column":1,"index":213}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":173,"end":174,"loc":{"start":{"line":10,"column":15,"index":173},"end":{"line":10,"column":16,"index":174},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":177,"end":213,"loc":{"start":{"line":10,"column":19,"index":177},"end":{"line":12,"column":1,"index":213}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ForOfStatement",
+              "start":181,"end":211,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":2,"index":181},"end":{"line":11,"column":32,"index":211}},
+              "await": false,
+              "left": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":186,"end":203,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":7,"index":186},"end":{"line":11,"column":24,"index":203}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":198,"end":203,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":19,"index":198},"end":{"line":11,"column":24,"index":203}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":198,"end":203,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":19,"index":198},"end":{"line":11,"column":24,"index":203},"identifierName":"await"},
+                      "name": "await"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "right": {
+                "type": "ArrayExpression",
+                "start":207,"end":209,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":28,"index":207},"end":{"line":11,"column":30,"index":209}},
+                "elements": []
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "EmptyStatement",
+                "start":210,"end":211,"loc":{"start":{"line":11,"column":31,"index":210},"end":{"line":11,"column":32,"index":211}}
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0c5b099a054a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using let = h();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cfcf5c87b6d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-binding-let/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: 'let' is not allowed to be used as a name in 'let' or 'const' declarations. (2:14)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":23,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":35,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":23,"index":44}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":35,"end":38,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":17,"index":38},"identifierName":"let"},
+                    "name": "let"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "CallExpression",
+                    "start":41,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":41},"end":{"line":2,"column":23,"index":44}},
+                    "callee": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":41,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":41},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42},"identifierName":"h"},
+                      "name": "h"
+                    },
+                    "arguments": []
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..20339d0061d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  0,await using basic = getReader();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3049dad6556c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-decl-as-expr/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":59,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":59}},
+  "errors": [
+    "SyntaxError: Missing semicolon. (2:15)"
+  ],
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":59,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":59}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":59,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":59}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":59,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":59}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":36,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":15,"index":36}},
+              "expression": {
+                "type": "SequenceExpression",
+                "start":23,"end":36,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":15,"index":36}},
+                "expressions": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "NumericLiteral",
+                    "start":23,"end":24,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":3,"index":24}},
+                    "extra": {
+                      "rawValue": 0,
+                      "raw": "0"
+                    },
+                    "value": 0
+                  },
+                  {
+                    "type": "AwaitExpression",
+                    "start":25,"end":36,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":4,"index":25},"end":{"line":2,"column":15,"index":36}},
+                    "argument": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":31,"end":36,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":10,"index":31},"end":{"line":2,"column":15,"index":36},"identifierName":"using"},
+                      "name": "using"
+                    }
+                  }
+                ]
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+              "start":37,"end":57,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":16,"index":37},"end":{"line":2,"column":36,"index":57}},
+              "expression": {
+                "type": "AssignmentExpression",
+                "start":37,"end":56,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":16,"index":37},"end":{"line":2,"column":35,"index":56}},
+                "operator": "=",
+                "left": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":37,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":16,"index":37},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42},"identifierName":"basic"},
+                  "name": "basic"
+                },
+                "right": {
+                  "type": "CallExpression",
+                  "start":45,"end":56,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":35,"index":56}},
+                  "callee": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":45,"end":54,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":54},"identifierName":"getReader"},
+                    "name": "getReader"
+                  },
+                  "arguments": []
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3aadf97fbe3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using { foo } = f();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c2c8f56374f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/invalid-using-object-pattern/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "throws": "Unexpected token (2:22)"
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..495a16f9a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b998a037e1b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+{
+  await
+  using
+  using = h();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..495a16f9a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3b50e9416eed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-asi-assignment/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":5,"column":1,"index":34}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":5,"column":1,"index":34}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "BlockStatement",
+        "start":0,"end":34,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":5,"column":1,"index":34}},
+        "body": [
+          {
+            "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+            "start":4,"end":9,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":4},"end":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":9}},
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "Identifier",
+              "start":4,"end":9,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":4},"end":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":9},"identifierName":"await"},
+              "name": "await"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+            "start":12,"end":17,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":12},"end":{"line":3,"column":7,"index":17}},
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "Identifier",
+              "start":12,"end":17,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":12},"end":{"line":3,"column":7,"index":17},"identifierName":"using"},
+              "name": "using"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+            "start":20,"end":32,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":2,"index":20},"end":{"line":4,"column":14,"index":32}},
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "AssignmentExpression",
+              "start":20,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":2,"index":20},"end":{"line":4,"column":13,"index":31}},
+              "operator": "=",
+              "left": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":20,"end":25,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":2,"index":20},"end":{"line":4,"column":7,"index":25},"identifierName":"using"},
+                "name": "using"
+              },
+              "right": {
+                "type": "CallExpression",
+                "start":28,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":10,"index":28},"end":{"line":4,"column":13,"index":31}},
+                "callee": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":28,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":4,"column":10,"index":28},"end":{"line":4,"column":11,"index":29},"identifierName":"h"},
+                  "name": "h"
+                },
+                "arguments": []
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "directives": []
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..45cd3bc387d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  await
+  using using = h();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..495a16f9a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f948cf34a652
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-asi-using-binding/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":32,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":32}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":32,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":32}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "BlockStatement",
+        "start":0,"end":32,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":32}},
+        "body": [
+          {
+            "type": "ExpressionStatement",
+            "start":4,"end":9,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":4},"end":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":9}},
+            "expression": {
+              "type": "Identifier",
+              "start":4,"end":9,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":4},"end":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":9},"identifierName":"await"},
+              "name": "await"
+            }
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+            "start":12,"end":30,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":12},"end":{"line":3,"column":20,"index":30}},
+            "declarations": [
+              {
+                "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                "start":18,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":8,"index":18},"end":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":29}},
+                "id": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":18,"end":23,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":8,"index":18},"end":{"line":3,"column":13,"index":23},"identifierName":"using"},
+                  "name": "using"
+                },
+                "init": {
+                  "type": "CallExpression",
+                  "start":26,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":16,"index":26},"end":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":29}},
+                  "callee": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":26,"end":27,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":16,"index":26},"end":{"line":3,"column":17,"index":27},"identifierName":"h"},
+                    "name": "h"
+                  },
+                  "arguments": []
+                }
+              }
+            ],
+            "kind": "using"
+          }
+        ],
+        "directives": []
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7dcf9e0239b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using in foo;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..17b6ddee31ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-in/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":44}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
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+                    "name": "using"
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+                "operator": "in",
+                "right": {
+                  "type": "Identifier",
+                  "start":38,"end":41,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":17,"index":38},"end":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":41},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                  "name": "foo"
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
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+        }
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1818647e4761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using instanceof foo;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..39f78de56eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using-instanceof/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":52}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
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+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
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+          "name": "f"
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+                    "name": "using"
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+                "operator": "instanceof",
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+                  "type": "Identifier",
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+                  "name": "foo"
+                }
+              }
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f056de21db03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using[x];
+  await using.x + await using(x) ? await using?.x : await using`x`;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c67aa7c336b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-expr-using/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
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+  "program": {
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2dde3680d926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using
+  using = h();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..495a16f9a39a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..988498e32e3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-asi-assignment/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":51,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":51}},
+  "program": {
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+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
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+                    "name": "h"
+                  },
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+                }
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..3ce48f45b7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+async function f() {
+{
+  /*0*/await/*1*/using/*2*/b/*3*/=/*4*/f()/*5*/;
+}
+{
+  /*0*/for/*1*/(/*2*/await/*3*/using/*4*/b/*5*/=/*6*/x/*7*/;/*8*/;/*9*/)/*10*/;
+}
+{
+  /*0*/for/*1*/(/*2*/await/*3*/using/*4*/b/*5*/of/*6*/x/*7*/)/*8*/;
+}
+{
+  /*0*/for/*1*/await/*2*/(/*3*/await/*4*/using/*5*/b/*6*/of/*7*/x/*8*/)/*9*/;
+}
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..be9e52179acb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-await-using-comments/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,607 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":313,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":14,"column":1,"index":313}},
+  "program": {
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+    "sourceType": "script",
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..87d8cd132331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  for (await of [of]);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7a2e8673faee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-lhs-await-as-identifier/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
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diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4efb8f85a6fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  for (await using of of of);
+  for await (await using of of of);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..affdb28699e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-binding-of-of/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":88}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":88}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":88}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":88,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":88}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ForOfStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":50,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":50}},
+              "await": false,
+              "left": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":28,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":28},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":40,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":40,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42},"identifierName":"of"},
+                      "name": "of"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "right": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":46,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46},"end":{"line":2,"column":27,"index":48},"identifierName":"of"},
+                "name": "of"
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "EmptyStatement",
+                "start":49,"end":50,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":28,"index":49},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":50}}
+              }
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "ForOfStatement",
+              "start":53,"end":86,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":53},"end":{"line":3,"column":35,"index":86}},
+              "await": true,
+              "left": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":64,"end":78,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":13,"index":64},"end":{"line":3,"column":27,"index":78}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":76,"end":78,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":25,"index":76},"end":{"line":3,"column":27,"index":78}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":76,"end":78,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":25,"index":76},"end":{"line":3,"column":27,"index":78},"identifierName":"of"},
+                      "name": "of"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "right": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":82,"end":84,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":31,"index":82},"end":{"line":3,"column":33,"index":84},"identifierName":"of"},
+                "name": "of"
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "EmptyStatement",
+                "start":85,"end":86,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":34,"index":85},"end":{"line":3,"column":35,"index":86}}
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a13b51758dcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  for (await using basic = reader();;);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4eec3e4ff619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":62,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":62}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":62,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":62}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":62,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":62}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":62,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":62}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "ForStatement",
+              "start":23,"end":60,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":39,"index":60}},
+              "init": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":28,"end":56,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":28},"end":{"line":2,"column":35,"index":56}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":40,"end":56,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":35,"index":56}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":40,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"identifierName":"basic"},
+                      "name": "basic"
+                    },
+                    "init": {
+                      "type": "CallExpression",
+                      "start":48,"end":56,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":27,"index":48},"end":{"line":2,"column":35,"index":56}},
+                      "callee": {
+                        "type": "Identifier",
+                        "start":48,"end":54,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":27,"index":48},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":54},"identifierName":"reader"},
+                        "name": "reader"
+                      },
+                      "arguments": []
+                    }
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "test": null,
+              "update": null,
+              "body": {
+                "type": "EmptyStatement",
+                "start":59,"end":60,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":38,"index":59},"end":{"line":2,"column":39,"index":60}}
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fffa04d7c7af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+const m = module {
+  await using foo = bar();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/options.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/options.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aefaa1b232dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/options.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "sourceType": "script",
+  "plugins": ["explicitResourceManagement", "moduleBlocks"]
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2c7d51dafc9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-module-block-top-level-using-binding/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+        "declarations": [
+          {
+            "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+            "start":6,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":6,"index":6},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+            "id": {
+              "type": "Identifier",
+              "start":6,"end":7,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":6,"index":6},"end":{"line":1,"column":7,"index":7},"identifierName":"m"},
+              "name": "m"
+            },
+            "init": {
+              "type": "ModuleExpression",
+              "start":10,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":10,"index":10},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":47}},
+              "body": {
+                "type": "Program",
+                "start":18,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":18,"index":18},"end":{"line":3,"column":0,"index":46}},
+                "sourceType": "module",
+                "interpreter": null,
+                "body": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                    "start":21,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":21},"end":{"line":2,"column":26,"index":45}},
+                    "declarations": [
+                      {
+                        "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                        "start":33,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":33},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":44}},
+                        "id": {
+                          "type": "Identifier",
+                          "start":33,"end":36,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":33},"end":{"line":2,"column":17,"index":36},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                          "name": "foo"
+                        },
+                        "init": {
+                          "type": "CallExpression",
+                          "start":39,"end":44,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":39},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":44}},
+                          "callee": {
+                            "type": "Identifier",
+                            "start":39,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":20,"index":39},"end":{"line":2,"column":23,"index":42},"identifierName":"bar"},
+                            "name": "bar"
+                          },
+                          "arguments": []
+                        }
+                      }
+                    ],
+                    "kind": "await using"
+                  }
+                ],
+                "directives": []
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "kind": "const"
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..321993e916c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using basic = getReader();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5b6536119726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-basic/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":57,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":57}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":57,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":57}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":57,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":57}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":57,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":57}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":23,"end":55,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":34,"index":55}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":35,"end":54,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":54}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":35,"end":40,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"identifierName":"basic"},
+                    "name": "basic"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "CallExpression",
+                    "start":43,"end":54,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":22,"index":43},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":54}},
+                    "callee": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":43,"end":52,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":22,"index":43},"end":{"line":2,"column":31,"index":52},"identifierName":"getReader"},
+                      "name": "getReader"
+                    },
+                    "arguments": []
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..76af5903fa74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using \u0061b = c;
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aa656929afc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-escaped/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":49}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":49}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":49}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":49,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":49}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":23,"end":47,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":26,"index":47}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":35,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":35,"end":42,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":42},"identifierName":"ab"},
+                    "name": "ab"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":45,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46},"identifierName":"c"},
+                    "name": "c"
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cbf4ce251996
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using 𠮷 = foo();
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b2c1b8437902
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-non-bmp/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":48}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":48}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":48}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":48,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":48}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":23,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":35,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":35,"end":37,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":16,"index":37},"identifierName":"𠮷"},
+                    "name": "𠮷"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "CallExpression",
+                    "start":40,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45}},
+                    "callee": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":40,"end":43,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"end":{"line":2,"column":22,"index":43},"identifierName":"foo"},
+                      "name": "foo"
+                    },
+                    "arguments": []
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..fd4e32547db8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+async function f() {
+  await using using = of;
+  for (await using using of of);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b25c61d9e0eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/async-explicit-resource-management/valid-using-binding-using/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":81,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":81}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":81,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":81}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "FunctionDeclaration",
+        "start":0,"end":81,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":81}},
+        "id": {
+          "type": "Identifier",
+          "start":15,"end":16,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":15,"index":15},"end":{"line":1,"column":16,"index":16},"identifierName":"f"},
+          "name": "f"
+        },
+        "generator": false,
+        "async": true,
+        "params": [],
+        "body": {
+          "type": "BlockStatement",
+          "start":19,"end":81,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":19,"index":19},"end":{"line":4,"column":1,"index":81}},
+          "body": [
+            {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":23,"end":46,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":25,"index":46}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":35,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":35,"end":40,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":14,"index":35},"end":{"line":2,"column":19,"index":40},"identifierName":"using"},
+                    "name": "using"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":43,"end":45,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":22,"index":43},"end":{"line":2,"column":24,"index":45},"identifierName":"of"},
+                    "name": "of"
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "await using"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "ForOfStatement",
+              "start":49,"end":79,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":2,"index":49},"end":{"line":3,"column":32,"index":79}},
+              "await": false,
+              "left": {
+                "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+                "start":54,"end":71,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":7,"index":54},"end":{"line":3,"column":24,"index":71}},
+                "declarations": [
+                  {
+                    "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                    "start":66,"end":71,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":66},"end":{"line":3,"column":24,"index":71}},
+                    "id": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":66,"end":71,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":19,"index":66},"end":{"line":3,"column":24,"index":71},"identifierName":"using"},
+                      "name": "using"
+                    },
+                    "init": null
+                  }
+                ],
+                "kind": "await using"
+              },
+              "right": {
+                "type": "Identifier",
+                "start":75,"end":77,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":28,"index":75},"end":{"line":3,"column":30,"index":77},"identifierName":"of"},
+                "name": "of"
+              },
+              "body": {
+                "type": "EmptyStatement",
+                "start":78,"end":79,"loc":{"start":{"line":3,"column":31,"index":78},"end":{"line":3,"column":32,"index":79}}
+              }
+            }
+          ],
+          "directives": []
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..06d1db008dc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/input.js
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  for (using basic = reader();;);
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..75ae3eaf7640
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/babel-parser/test/fixtures/experimental/explicit-resource-management/valid-for-using-declaration/output.json
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+{
+  "type": "File",
+  "start":0,"end":37,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":37}},
+  "program": {
+    "type": "Program",
+    "start":0,"end":37,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":37}},
+    "sourceType": "script",
+    "interpreter": null,
+    "body": [
+      {
+        "type": "BlockStatement",
+        "start":0,"end":37,"loc":{"start":{"line":1,"column":0,"index":0},"end":{"line":3,"column":1,"index":37}},
+        "body": [
+          {
+            "type": "ForStatement",
+            "start":4,"end":35,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":2,"index":4},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":35}},
+            "init": {
+              "type": "VariableDeclaration",
+              "start":9,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":7,"index":9},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":31}},
+              "declarations": [
+                {
+                  "type": "VariableDeclarator",
+                  "start":15,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":15},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":31}},
+                  "id": {
+                    "type": "Identifier",
+                    "start":15,"end":20,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":13,"index":15},"end":{"line":2,"column":18,"index":20},"identifierName":"basic"},
+                    "name": "basic"
+                  },
+                  "init": {
+                    "type": "CallExpression",
+                    "start":23,"end":31,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":29,"index":31}},
+                    "callee": {
+                      "type": "Identifier",
+                      "start":23,"end":29,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":21,"index":23},"end":{"line":2,"column":27,"index":29},"identifierName":"reader"},
+                      "name": "reader"
+                    },
+                    "arguments": []
+                  }
+                }
+              ],
+              "kind": "using"
+            },
+            "test": null,
+            "update": null,
+            "body": {
+              "type": "EmptyStatement",
+              "start":34,"end":35,"loc":{"start":{"line":2,"column":32,"index":34},"end":{"line":2,"column":33,"index":35}}
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "directives": []
+      }
+    ],
+    "directives": []
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/babel-traverse/src/scope/index.ts b/packages/babel-traverse/src/scope/index.ts
index 885e86b754ad..2fe2bb83405f 100644
--- a/packages/babel-traverse/src/scope/index.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-traverse/src/scope/index.ts
@@ -746,7 +746,10 @@ export default class Scope {
       const declarations = path.get("declarations");
       const { kind } = path.node;
       for (const declar of declarations) {
-        this.registerBinding(kind === "using" ? "const" : kind, declar);
+        this.registerBinding(
+          kind === "using" || kind === "await using" ? "const" : kind,
+          declar,
+        );
       }
     } else if (path.isClassDeclaration()) {
       if (path.node.declare) return;
diff --git a/packages/babel-types/src/ast-types/generated/index.ts b/packages/babel-types/src/ast-types/generated/index.ts
index ba045b24d0d0..fc30e0ee912f 100644
--- a/packages/babel-types/src/ast-types/generated/index.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-types/src/ast-types/generated/index.ts
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ export interface UpdateExpression extends BaseNode {
 
 export interface VariableDeclaration extends BaseNode {
   type: "VariableDeclaration";
-  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using";
+  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using";
   declarations: Array<VariableDeclarator>;
   declare?: boolean | null;
 }
diff --git a/packages/babel-types/src/builders/generated/index.ts b/packages/babel-types/src/builders/generated/index.ts
index 06c8521b05ea..b29b4d9cb530 100644
--- a/packages/babel-types/src/builders/generated/index.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-types/src/builders/generated/index.ts
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@ export function updateExpression(
   });
 }
 export function variableDeclaration(
-  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using",
+  kind: "var" | "let" | "const" | "using" | "await using",
   declarations: Array<t.VariableDeclarator>,
 ): t.VariableDeclaration {
   return validateNode<t.VariableDeclaration>({
diff --git a/packages/babel-types/src/definitions/core.ts b/packages/babel-types/src/definitions/core.ts
index fcf2c130ef05..79fb3e1c435f 100644
--- a/packages/babel-types/src/definitions/core.ts
+++ b/packages/babel-types/src/definitions/core.ts
@@ -1155,6 +1155,8 @@ defineType("VariableDeclaration", {
         "const",
         // https://github.com/tc39/proposal-explicit-resource-management
         "using",
+        // https://github.com/tc39/proposal-async-explicit-resource-management
+        "await using",
       ),
     },
     declarations: {