[Workflow] Add SDK support for workflow retry policies

[cgillum]

Describe the proposal

The .NET workflow SDK allows for specifying workflow retry policies (see here and here). However, no such feature exists for the Python SDK. We should add this to ensure language parity.

IMPORTANT: As part of fixing this, we should also update the patterns documentation here.

[DeepanshuA]

/assign

[dapr-bot]

This issue has been automatically marked as stale because it has not had activity in the last 60 days. It will be closed in the next 7 days unless it is tagged (pinned, good first issue, help wanted or triaged/resolved) or other activity occurs. Thank you for your contributions.

[dapr-bot]

This issue has been automatically closed because it has not had activity in the last 67 days. If this issue is still valid, please ping a maintainer and ask them to label it as pinned, good first issue, help wanted or triaged/resolved. Thank you for your contributions.

[DeepanshuA]

/keep-alive