diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/load.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/load.go
index 37d42db1df4..2550dfba4be 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/load.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/load.go
@@ -655,6 +655,7 @@ func computeWorkspacePackagesLocked(s *snapshot, meta *metadataGraph) map[Packag
 		if !m.Valid {
 			continue
 		}
+
 		if !containsPackageLocked(s, m.Metadata) {
 			continue
 		}
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/snapshot.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/snapshot.go
index 8027b40a0ab..d7e39b31fb5 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/snapshot.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/cache/snapshot.go
@@ -698,27 +698,16 @@ func (s *snapshot) packageHandlesForFile(ctx context.Context, uri span.URI, mode
 		if m := s.getMetadata(id); m != nil && m.IsIntermediateTestVariant() && !withIntermediateTestVariants {
 			continue
 		}
-		var parseModes []source.ParseMode
-		switch mode {
-		case source.TypecheckAll:
-			if s.workspaceParseMode(id) == source.ParseFull {
-				parseModes = []source.ParseMode{source.ParseFull}
-			} else {
-				parseModes = []source.ParseMode{source.ParseExported, source.ParseFull}
-			}
-		case source.TypecheckFull:
-			parseModes = []source.ParseMode{source.ParseFull}
-		case source.TypecheckWorkspace:
-			parseModes = []source.ParseMode{s.workspaceParseMode(id)}
+		parseMode := source.ParseFull
+		if mode == source.TypecheckWorkspace {
+			parseMode = s.workspaceParseMode(id)
 		}
 
-		for _, parseMode := range parseModes {
-			ph, err := s.buildPackageHandle(ctx, id, parseMode)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			phs = append(phs, ph)
+		ph, err := s.buildPackageHandle(ctx, id, parseMode)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
+		phs = append(phs, ph)
 	}
 	return phs, nil
 }
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/fake/editor.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/fake/editor.go
index 8d1362a50fb..b9f62f3028d 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/fake/editor.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/fake/editor.go
@@ -1137,7 +1137,8 @@ func (e *Editor) InlayHint(ctx context.Context, path string) ([]protocol.InlayHi
 	return hints, nil
 }
 
-// References executes a reference request on the server.
+// References returns references to the object at (path, pos), as returned by
+// the connected LSP server. If no server is connected, it returns (nil, nil).
 func (e *Editor) References(ctx context.Context, path string, pos Pos) ([]protocol.Location, error) {
 	if e.Server == nil {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -1164,6 +1165,8 @@ func (e *Editor) References(ctx context.Context, path string, pos Pos) ([]protoc
 	return locations, nil
 }
 
+// Rename performs a rename of the object at (path, pos) to newName, using the
+// connected LSP server. If no server is connected, it returns nil.
 func (e *Editor) Rename(ctx context.Context, path string, pos Pos, newName string) error {
 	if e.Server == nil {
 		return nil
@@ -1185,6 +1188,28 @@ func (e *Editor) Rename(ctx context.Context, path string, pos Pos, newName strin
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Implementations returns implementations for the object at (path, pos), as
+// returned by the connected LSP server. If no server is connected, it returns
+// (nil, nil).
+func (e *Editor) Implementations(ctx context.Context, path string, pos Pos) ([]protocol.Location, error) {
+	if e.Server == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	e.mu.Lock()
+	_, ok := e.buffers[path]
+	e.mu.Unlock()
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("buffer %q is not open", path)
+	}
+	params := &protocol.ImplementationParams{
+		TextDocumentPositionParams: protocol.TextDocumentPositionParams{
+			TextDocument: e.TextDocumentIdentifier(path),
+			Position:     pos.ToProtocolPosition(),
+		},
+	}
+	return e.Server.Implementation(ctx, params)
+}
+
 func (e *Editor) RenameFile(ctx context.Context, oldPath, newPath string) error {
 	closed, opened, err := e.renameBuffers(ctx, oldPath, newPath)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/regtest/wrappers.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/regtest/wrappers.go
index 0f7cc9a1a66..63b59917c10 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/regtest/wrappers.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/regtest/wrappers.go
@@ -389,8 +389,7 @@ func (e *Env) WorkspaceSymbol(sym string) []protocol.SymbolInformation {
 	return ans
 }
 
-// References calls textDocument/references for the given path at the given
-// position.
+// References wraps Editor.References, calling t.Fatal on any error.
 func (e *Env) References(path string, pos fake.Pos) []protocol.Location {
 	e.T.Helper()
 	locations, err := e.Editor.References(e.Ctx, path, pos)
@@ -408,6 +407,16 @@ func (e *Env) Rename(path string, pos fake.Pos, newName string) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Implementations wraps Editor.Implementations, calling t.Fatal on any error.
+func (e *Env) Implementations(path string, pos fake.Pos) []protocol.Location {
+	e.T.Helper()
+	locations, err := e.Editor.Implementations(e.Ctx, path, pos)
+	if err != nil {
+		e.T.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return locations
+}
+
 // RenameFile wraps Editor.RenameFile, calling t.Fatal on any error.
 func (e *Env) RenameFile(oldPath, newPath string) {
 	e.T.Helper()
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/implementation.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/implementation.go
index e2c60bb55e7..2da488dd67a 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/implementation.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/implementation.go
@@ -208,36 +208,31 @@ var (
 	errNoObjectFound = errors.New("no object found")
 )
 
-// qualifiedObjsAtProtocolPos returns info for all the type.Objects
-// referenced at the given position. An object will be returned for
-// every package that the file belongs to, in every typechecking mode
-// applicable.
+// qualifiedObjsAtProtocolPos returns info for all the types.Objects referenced
+// at the given position, for the following selection of packages:
+//
+// 1. all packages (including all test variants), in their workspace parse mode
+// 2. if not included above, at least one package containing uri in full parse mode
+//
+// Finding objects in (1) ensures that we locate references within all
+// workspace packages, including in x_test packages. Including (2) ensures that
+// we find local references in the current package, for non-workspace packages
+// that may be open.
 func qualifiedObjsAtProtocolPos(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, uri span.URI, pp protocol.Position) ([]qualifiedObject, error) {
-	offset, err := protocolPositionToOffset(ctx, s, uri, pp)
+	fh, err := s.GetFile(ctx, uri)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return qualifiedObjsAtLocation(ctx, s, positionKey{uri, offset}, map[positionKey]bool{})
-}
-
-func protocolPositionToOffset(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, uri span.URI, pp protocol.Position) (int, error) {
-	pkgs, err := s.PackagesForFile(ctx, uri, TypecheckAll, false)
+	content, err := fh.Read()
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	if len(pkgs) == 0 {
-		return 0, errNoObjectFound
-	}
-	pkg := pkgs[0]
-	pgf, err := pkg.File(uri)
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	pos, err := pgf.Mapper.Pos(pp)
+	m := protocol.NewColumnMapper(uri, content)
+	offset, err := m.Offset(pp)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
+		return nil, err
 	}
-	return safetoken.Offset(pgf.Tok, pos)
+	return qualifiedObjsAtLocation(ctx, s, positionKey{uri, offset}, map[positionKey]bool{})
 }
 
 // A positionKey identifies a byte offset within a file (URI).
@@ -251,8 +246,8 @@ type positionKey struct {
 	offset int
 }
 
-// qualifiedObjsAtLocation finds all objects referenced at offset in uri, across
-// all packages in the snapshot.
+// qualifiedObjsAtLocation finds all objects referenced at offset in uri,
+// across all packages in the snapshot.
 func qualifiedObjsAtLocation(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, key positionKey, seen map[positionKey]bool) ([]qualifiedObject, error) {
 	if seen[key] {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -268,11 +263,31 @@ func qualifiedObjsAtLocation(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, key positionKey, s
 	// try to be comprehensive in case we ever support variations on build
 	// constraints.
 
-	pkgs, err := s.PackagesForFile(ctx, key.uri, TypecheckAll, false)
+	pkgs, err := s.PackagesForFile(ctx, key.uri, TypecheckWorkspace, true)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// In order to allow basic references/rename/implementations to function when
+	// non-workspace packages are open, ensure that we have at least one fully
+	// parsed package for the current file. This allows us to find references
+	// inside the open package. Use WidestPackage to capture references in test
+	// files.
+	hasFullPackage := false
+	for _, pkg := range pkgs {
+		if pkg.ParseMode() == ParseFull {
+			hasFullPackage = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasFullPackage {
+		pkg, err := s.PackageForFile(ctx, key.uri, TypecheckFull, WidestPackage)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		pkgs = append(pkgs, pkg)
+	}
+
 	// report objects in the order we encounter them. This ensures that the first
 	// result is at the cursor...
 	var qualifiedObjs []qualifiedObject
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/references.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/references.go
index 9a10b38d161..de6687ad49f 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/references.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/references.go
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func References(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, f FileHandle, pp protocol.Posit
 	}
 
 	if inPackageName {
-		renamingPkg, err := s.PackageForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckAll, NarrowestPackage)
+		renamingPkg, err := s.PackageForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckWorkspace, NarrowestPackage)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/rename.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/rename.go
index c926dedcf6b..2f0ad56ec66 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/rename.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/rename.go
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func PrepareRename(ctx context.Context, snapshot Snapshot, f FileHandle, pp prot
 			err := errors.New("can't rename package: LSP client does not support file renaming")
 			return nil, err, err
 		}
-		renamingPkg, err := snapshot.PackageForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckAll, NarrowestPackage)
+		renamingPkg, err := snapshot.PackageForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckWorkspace, NarrowestPackage)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err, err
 		}
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func Rename(ctx context.Context, s Snapshot, f FileHandle, pp protocol.Position,
 		// TODO(rfindley): but is this correct? What about x_test packages that
 		// import the renaming package?
 		const includeTestVariants = false
-		pkgs, err := s.PackagesForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckAll, includeTestVariants)
+		pkgs, err := s.PackagesForFile(ctx, f.URI(), TypecheckWorkspace, includeTestVariants)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, true, err
 		}
diff --git a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/view.go b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/view.go
index bf152805966..cd0c8417f47 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/lsp/source/view.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/lsp/source/view.go
@@ -437,16 +437,11 @@ var AllParseModes = []ParseMode{ParseHeader, ParseExported, ParseFull}
 type TypecheckMode int
 
 const (
-	// Invalid default value.
-	TypecheckUnknown TypecheckMode = iota
 	// TypecheckFull means to use ParseFull.
-	TypecheckFull
+	TypecheckFull TypecheckMode = iota
 	// TypecheckWorkspace means to use ParseFull for workspace packages, and
 	// ParseExported for others.
 	TypecheckWorkspace
-	// TypecheckAll means ParseFull for workspace packages, and both Full and
-	// Exported for others. Only valid for some functions.
-	TypecheckAll
 )
 
 type VersionedFileHandle interface {
diff --git a/gopls/internal/regtest/misc/references_test.go b/gopls/internal/regtest/misc/references_test.go
index 058aad3e60b..2cd4359d313 100644
--- a/gopls/internal/regtest/misc/references_test.go
+++ b/gopls/internal/regtest/misc/references_test.go
@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ package misc
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/google/go-cmp/cmp"
+	"golang.org/x/tools/gopls/internal/lsp/protocol"
 	. "golang.org/x/tools/gopls/internal/lsp/regtest"
 )
 
@@ -169,3 +172,119 @@ func main() {
 		}
 	})
 }
+
+// Test for golang/go#43144.
+//
+// Verify that we search for references and implementations in intermediate
+// test variants.
+func TestReferencesInTestVariants(t *testing.T) {
+	const files = `
+-- go.mod --
+module foo.mod
+
+go 1.12
+-- foo/foo.go --
+package foo
+
+import "foo.mod/bar"
+
+const Foo = 42
+
+type T int
+type Interface interface{ M() }
+
+func _() {
+	_ = bar.Blah
+}
+
+-- bar/bar.go --
+package bar
+
+var Blah = 123
+
+-- bar/bar_test.go --
+package bar
+
+type Mer struct{}
+func (Mer) M() {}
+
+func TestBar() {
+	_ = Blah
+}
+-- bar/bar_x_test.go --
+package bar_test
+
+import (
+	"foo.mod/bar"
+	"foo.mod/foo"
+)
+
+type Mer struct{}
+func (Mer) M() {}
+
+func _() {
+	_ = bar.Blah
+	_ = foo.Foo
+}
+`
+
+	Run(t, files, func(t *testing.T, env *Env) {
+		env.OpenFile("foo/foo.go")
+
+		// Helper to map locations relative file paths.
+		fileLocations := func(locs []protocol.Location) []string {
+			var got []string
+			for _, loc := range locs {
+				got = append(got, env.Sandbox.Workdir.URIToPath(loc.URI))
+			}
+			sort.Strings(got)
+			return got
+		}
+
+		refTests := []struct {
+			re       string
+			wantRefs []string
+		}{
+			// Blah is referenced:
+			// - inside the foo.mod/bar (ordinary) package
+			// - inside the foo.mod/bar [foo.mod/bar.test] test variant package
+			// - from the foo.mod/bar_test [foo.mod/bar.test] x_test package
+			// - from the foo.mod/foo package
+			{"Blah", []string{"bar/bar.go", "bar/bar_test.go", "bar/bar_x_test.go", "foo/foo.go"}},
+
+			// Foo is referenced in bar_x_test.go via the intermediate test variant
+			// foo.mod/foo [foo.mod/bar.test].
+			{"Foo", []string{"bar/bar_x_test.go", "foo/foo.go"}},
+		}
+
+		for _, test := range refTests {
+			pos := env.RegexpSearch("foo/foo.go", test.re)
+			refs := env.References("foo/foo.go", pos)
+
+			got := fileLocations(refs)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(test.wantRefs, got); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("References(%q) returned unexpected diff (-want +got):\n%s", test.re, diff)
+			}
+		}
+
+		implTests := []struct {
+			re        string
+			wantImpls []string
+		}{
+			// Interface is implemented both in foo.mod/bar [foo.mod/bar.test] (which
+			// doesn't import foo), and in foo.mod/bar_test [foo.mod/bar.test], which
+			// imports the test variant of foo.
+			{"Interface", []string{"bar/bar_test.go", "bar/bar_x_test.go"}},
+		}
+
+		for _, test := range implTests {
+			pos := env.RegexpSearch("foo/foo.go", test.re)
+			refs := env.Implementations("foo/foo.go", pos)
+
+			got := fileLocations(refs)
+			if diff := cmp.Diff(test.wantImpls, got); diff != "" {
+				t.Errorf("Implementations(%q) returned unexpected diff (-want +got):\n%s", test.re, diff)
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}