execute.ts

import type { Path } from '../jsutils/Path';
import type { ObjMap } from '../jsutils/ObjMap';
import type { PromiseOrValue } from '../jsutils/PromiseOrValue';
import type { Maybe } from '../jsutils/Maybe';
import { inspect } from '../jsutils/inspect';
import { memoize3 } from '../jsutils/memoize3';
import { invariant } from '../jsutils/invariant';
import { devAssert } from '../jsutils/devAssert';
import { isPromise } from '../jsutils/isPromise';
import { isObjectLike } from '../jsutils/isObjectLike';
import { promiseReduce } from '../jsutils/promiseReduce';
import { promiseForObject } from '../jsutils/promiseForObject';
import { addPath, pathToArray } from '../jsutils/Path';
import { isIterableObject } from '../jsutils/isIterableObject';

import type { GraphQLFormattedError } from '../error/formatError';
import { GraphQLError } from '../error/GraphQLError';
import { locatedError } from '../error/locatedError';

import type {
  DocumentNode,
  OperationDefinitionNode,
  SelectionSetNode,
  FieldNode,
  FragmentSpreadNode,
  InlineFragmentNode,
  FragmentDefinitionNode,
} from '../language/ast';
import { Kind } from '../language/kinds';

import type { GraphQLSchema } from '../type/schema';
import type {
  GraphQLObjectType,
  GraphQLOutputType,
  GraphQLLeafType,
  GraphQLAbstractType,
  GraphQLField,
  GraphQLFieldResolver,
  GraphQLResolveInfo,
  GraphQLTypeResolver,
  GraphQLList,
} from '../type/definition';
import { assertValidSchema } from '../type/validate';
import {
  SchemaMetaFieldDef,
  TypeMetaFieldDef,
  TypeNameMetaFieldDef,
} from '../type/introspection';
import {
  GraphQLIncludeDirective,
  GraphQLSkipDirective,
} from '../type/directives';
import {
  isObjectType,
  isAbstractType,
  isLeafType,
  isListType,
  isNonNullType,
} from '../type/definition';

import { typeFromAST } from '../utilities/typeFromAST';
import { getOperationRootType } from '../utilities/getOperationRootType';

import {
  getVariableValues,
  getArgumentValues,
  getDirectiveValues,
} from './values';

/**
 * Terminology
 *
 * "Definitions" are the generic name for top-level statements in the document.
 * Examples of this include:
 * 1) Operations (such as a query)
 * 2) Fragments
 *
 * "Operations" are a generic name for requests in the document.
 * Examples of this include:
 * 1) query,
 * 2) mutation
 *
 * "Selections" are the definitions that can appear legally and at
 * single level of the query. These include:
 * 1) field references e.g "a"
 * 2) fragment "spreads" e.g. "...c"
 * 3) inline fragment "spreads" e.g. "...on Type { a }"
 */

/**
 * Data that must be available at all points during query execution.
 *
 * Namely, schema of the type system that is currently executing,
 * and the fragments defined in the query document
 */
export interface ExecutionContext {
  schema: GraphQLSchema;
  fragments: ObjMap<FragmentDefinitionNode>;
  rootValue: unknown;
  contextValue: unknown;
  operation: OperationDefinitionNode;
  variableValues: { [variable: string]: unknown };
  fieldResolver: GraphQLFieldResolver<any, any>;
  typeResolver: GraphQLTypeResolver<any, any>;
  errors: Array<GraphQLError>;
}

/**
 * The result of GraphQL execution.
 *
 *   - `errors` is included when any errors occurred as a non-empty array.
 *   - `data` is the result of a successful execution of the query.
 *   - `extensions` is reserved for adding non-standard properties.
 */
export interface ExecutionResult<
  TData = ObjMap<unknown>,
  TExtensions = ObjMap<unknown>,
> {
  errors?: ReadonlyArray<GraphQLError>;
  data?: TData | null;
  extensions?: TExtensions;
}

export interface FormattedExecutionResult<
  TData = ObjMap<unknown>,
  TExtensions = ObjMap<unknown>,
> {
  errors?: ReadonlyArray<GraphQLFormattedError>;
  data?: TData | null;
  extensions?: TExtensions;
}

export interface ExecutionArgs {
  schema: GraphQLSchema;
  document: DocumentNode;
  rootValue?: unknown;
  contextValue?: unknown;
  variableValues?: Maybe<{ readonly [variable: string]: unknown }>;
  operationName?: Maybe<string>;
  fieldResolver?: Maybe<GraphQLFieldResolver<any, any>>;
  typeResolver?: Maybe<GraphQLTypeResolver<any, any>>;
}

/**
 * Implements the "Executing requests" section of the GraphQL specification.
 *
 * Returns either a synchronous ExecutionResult (if all encountered resolvers
 * are synchronous), or a Promise of an ExecutionResult that will eventually be
 * resolved and never rejected.
 *
 * If the arguments to this function do not result in a legal execution context,
 * a GraphQLError will be thrown immediately explaining the invalid input.
 */
export function execute(args: ExecutionArgs): PromiseOrValue<ExecutionResult> {
  const {
    schema,
    document,
    rootValue,
    contextValue,
    variableValues,
    operationName,
    fieldResolver,
    typeResolver,
  } = args;

  // If arguments are missing or incorrect, throw an error.
  assertValidExecutionArguments(schema, document, variableValues);

  // If a valid execution context cannot be created due to incorrect arguments,
  // a "Response" with only errors is returned.
  const exeContext = buildExecutionContext(
    schema,
    document,
    rootValue,
    contextValue,
    variableValues,
    operationName,
    fieldResolver,
    typeResolver,
  );

  // Return early errors if execution context failed.
  if (!('schema' in exeContext)) {
    return { errors: exeContext };
  }

  // Return a Promise that will eventually resolve to the data described by
  // The "Response" section of the GraphQL specification.
  //
  // If errors are encountered while executing a GraphQL field, only that
  // field and its descendants will be omitted, and sibling fields will still
  // be executed. An execution which encounters errors will still result in a
  // resolved Promise.
  const data = executeOperation(exeContext, exeContext.operation, rootValue);
  return buildResponse(exeContext, data);
}

/**
 * Also implements the "Executing requests" section of the GraphQL specification.
 * However, it guarantees to complete synchronously (or throw an error) assuming
 * that all field resolvers are also synchronous.
 */
export function executeSync(args: ExecutionArgs): ExecutionResult {
  const result = execute(args);

  // Assert that the execution was synchronous.
  if (isPromise(result)) {
    throw new Error('GraphQL execution failed to complete synchronously.');
  }

  return result;
}

/**
 * Given a completed execution context and data, build the { errors, data }
 * response defined by the "Response" section of the GraphQL specification.
 */
function buildResponse(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  data: PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown> | null>,
): PromiseOrValue<ExecutionResult> {
  if (isPromise(data)) {
    return data.then((resolved) => buildResponse(exeContext, resolved));
  }
  return exeContext.errors.length === 0
    ? { data }
    : { errors: exeContext.errors, data };
}

/**
 * Essential assertions before executing to provide developer feedback for
 * improper use of the GraphQL library.
 *
 * @internal
 */
export function assertValidExecutionArguments(
  schema: GraphQLSchema,
  document: DocumentNode,
  rawVariableValues: Maybe<{ readonly [variable: string]: unknown }>,
): void {
  devAssert(document, 'Must provide document.');

  // If the schema used for execution is invalid, throw an error.
  assertValidSchema(schema);

  // Variables, if provided, must be an object.
  devAssert(
    rawVariableValues == null || isObjectLike(rawVariableValues),
    'Variables must be provided as an Object where each property is a variable value. Perhaps look to see if an unparsed JSON string was provided.',
  );
}

/**
 * Constructs a ExecutionContext object from the arguments passed to
 * execute, which we will pass throughout the other execution methods.
 *
 * Throws a GraphQLError if a valid execution context cannot be created.
 *
 * @internal
 */
export function buildExecutionContext(
  schema: GraphQLSchema,
  document: DocumentNode,
  rootValue: unknown,
  contextValue: unknown,
  rawVariableValues: Maybe<{ readonly [variable: string]: unknown }>,
  operationName: Maybe<string>,
  fieldResolver: Maybe<GraphQLFieldResolver<unknown, unknown>>,
  typeResolver?: Maybe<GraphQLTypeResolver<unknown, unknown>>,
): ReadonlyArray<GraphQLError> | ExecutionContext {
  let operation: OperationDefinitionNode | undefined;
  const fragments: ObjMap<FragmentDefinitionNode> = Object.create(null);
  for (const definition of document.definitions) {
    switch (definition.kind) {
      case Kind.OPERATION_DEFINITION:
        if (operationName == null) {
          if (operation !== undefined) {
            return [
              new GraphQLError(
                'Must provide operation name if query contains multiple operations.',
              ),
            ];
          }
          operation = definition;
        } else if (definition.name?.value === operationName) {
          operation = definition;
        }
        break;
      case Kind.FRAGMENT_DEFINITION:
        fragments[definition.name.value] = definition;
        break;
    }
  }

  if (!operation) {
    if (operationName != null) {
      return [new GraphQLError(`Unknown operation named "${operationName}".`)];
    }
    return [new GraphQLError('Must provide an operation.')];
  }

  // istanbul ignore next (See: 'https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/issues/2203')
  const variableDefinitions = operation.variableDefinitions ?? [];

  const coercedVariableValues = getVariableValues(
    schema,
    variableDefinitions,
    rawVariableValues ?? {},
    { maxErrors: 50 },
  );

  if (coercedVariableValues.errors) {
    return coercedVariableValues.errors;
  }

  return {
    schema,
    fragments,
    rootValue,
    contextValue,
    operation,
    variableValues: coercedVariableValues.coerced,
    fieldResolver: fieldResolver ?? defaultFieldResolver,
    typeResolver: typeResolver ?? defaultTypeResolver,
    errors: [],
  };
}

/**
 * Implements the "Executing operations" section of the spec.
 */
function executeOperation(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  operation: OperationDefinitionNode,
  rootValue: unknown,
): PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown> | null> {
  const type = getOperationRootType(exeContext.schema, operation);
  const fields = collectFields(
    exeContext,
    type,
    operation.selectionSet,
    new Map(),
    new Set(),
  );

  const path = undefined;

  // Errors from sub-fields of a NonNull type may propagate to the top level,
  // at which point we still log the error and null the parent field, which
  // in this case is the entire response.
  try {
    const result =
      operation.operation === 'mutation'
        ? executeFieldsSerially(exeContext, type, rootValue, path, fields)
        : executeFields(exeContext, type, rootValue, path, fields);
    if (isPromise(result)) {
      return result.then(undefined, (error) => {
        exeContext.errors.push(error);
        return Promise.resolve(null);
      });
    }
    return result;
  } catch (error) {
    exeContext.errors.push(error);
    return null;
  }
}

/**
 * Implements the "Executing selection sets" section of the spec
 * for fields that must be executed serially.
 */
function executeFieldsSerially(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  parentType: GraphQLObjectType,
  sourceValue: unknown,
  path: Path | undefined,
  fields: Map<string, Array<FieldNode>>,
): PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown>> {
  return promiseReduce(
    fields.entries(),
    (results, [responseName, fieldNodes]) => {
      const fieldPath = addPath(path, responseName, parentType.name);
      const result = executeField(
        exeContext,
        parentType,
        sourceValue,
        fieldNodes,
        fieldPath,
      );
      if (result === undefined) {
        return results;
      }
      if (isPromise(result)) {
        return result.then((resolvedResult) => {
          results[responseName] = resolvedResult;
          return results;
        });
      }
      results[responseName] = result;
      return results;
    },
    Object.create(null),
  );
}

/**
 * Implements the "Executing selection sets" section of the spec
 * for fields that may be executed in parallel.
 */
function executeFields(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  parentType: GraphQLObjectType,
  sourceValue: unknown,
  path: Path | undefined,
  fields: Map<string, Array<FieldNode>>,
): PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown>> {
  const results = Object.create(null);
  let containsPromise = false;

  for (const [responseName, fieldNodes] of fields.entries()) {
    const fieldPath = addPath(path, responseName, parentType.name);
    const result = executeField(
      exeContext,
      parentType,
      sourceValue,
      fieldNodes,
      fieldPath,
    );

    if (result !== undefined) {
      results[responseName] = result;
      if (isPromise(result)) {
        containsPromise = true;
      }
    }
  }

  // If there are no promises, we can just return the object
  if (!containsPromise) {
    return results;
  }

  // Otherwise, results is a map from field name to the result of resolving that
  // field, which is possibly a promise. Return a promise that will return this
  // same map, but with any promises replaced with the values they resolved to.
  return promiseForObject(results);
}

/**
 * Given a selectionSet, adds all of the fields in that selection to
 * the passed in map of fields, and returns it at the end.
 *
 * CollectFields requires the "runtime type" of an object. For a field which
 * returns an Interface or Union type, the "runtime type" will be the actual
 * Object type returned by that field.
 *
 * @internal
 */
export function collectFields(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  runtimeType: GraphQLObjectType,
  selectionSet: SelectionSetNode,
  fields: Map<string, Array<FieldNode>>,
  visitedFragmentNames: Set<string>,
): Map<string, Array<FieldNode>> {
  for (const selection of selectionSet.selections) {
    switch (selection.kind) {
      case Kind.FIELD: {
        if (!shouldIncludeNode(exeContext, selection)) {
          continue;
        }
        const name = getFieldEntryKey(selection);
        const fieldList = fields.get(name);
        if (fieldList !== undefined) {
          fieldList.push(selection);
        } else {
          fields.set(name, [selection]);
        }
        break;
      }
      case Kind.INLINE_FRAGMENT: {
        if (
          !shouldIncludeNode(exeContext, selection) ||
          !doesFragmentConditionMatch(exeContext, selection, runtimeType)
        ) {
          continue;
        }
        collectFields(
          exeContext,
          runtimeType,
          selection.selectionSet,
          fields,
          visitedFragmentNames,
        );
        break;
      }
      case Kind.FRAGMENT_SPREAD: {
        const fragName = selection.name.value;
        if (
          visitedFragmentNames.has(fragName) ||
          !shouldIncludeNode(exeContext, selection)
        ) {
          continue;
        }
        visitedFragmentNames.add(fragName);
        const fragment = exeContext.fragments[fragName];
        if (
          !fragment ||
          !doesFragmentConditionMatch(exeContext, fragment, runtimeType)
        ) {
          continue;
        }
        collectFields(
          exeContext,
          runtimeType,
          fragment.selectionSet,
          fields,
          visitedFragmentNames,
        );
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return fields;
}

/**
 * Determines if a field should be included based on the @include and @skip
 * directives, where @skip has higher precedence than @include.
 */
function shouldIncludeNode(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  node: FragmentSpreadNode | FieldNode | InlineFragmentNode,
): boolean {
  const skip = getDirectiveValues(
    GraphQLSkipDirective,
    node,
    exeContext.variableValues,
  );
  if (skip?.if === true) {
    return false;
  }

  const include = getDirectiveValues(
    GraphQLIncludeDirective,
    node,
    exeContext.variableValues,
  );
  if (include?.if === false) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

/**
 * Determines if a fragment is applicable to the given type.
 */
function doesFragmentConditionMatch(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  fragment: FragmentDefinitionNode | InlineFragmentNode,
  type: GraphQLObjectType,
): boolean {
  const typeConditionNode = fragment.typeCondition;
  if (!typeConditionNode) {
    return true;
  }
  const conditionalType = typeFromAST(exeContext.schema, typeConditionNode);
  if (conditionalType === type) {
    return true;
  }
  if (isAbstractType(conditionalType)) {
    return exeContext.schema.isSubType(conditionalType, type);
  }
  return false;
}

/**
 * Implements the logic to compute the key of a given field's entry
 */
function getFieldEntryKey(node: FieldNode): string {
  return node.alias ? node.alias.value : node.name.value;
}

/**
 * Implements the "Executing field" section of the spec
 * In particular, this function figures out the value that the field returns by
 * calling its resolve function, then calls completeValue to complete promises,
 * serialize scalars, or execute the sub-selection-set for objects.
 */
function executeField(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  parentType: GraphQLObjectType,
  source: unknown,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  path: Path,
): PromiseOrValue<unknown> {
  const fieldDef = getFieldDef(exeContext.schema, parentType, fieldNodes[0]);
  if (!fieldDef) {
    return;
  }

  const returnType = fieldDef.type;
  const resolveFn = fieldDef.resolve ?? exeContext.fieldResolver;

  const info = buildResolveInfo(
    exeContext,
    fieldDef,
    fieldNodes,
    parentType,
    path,
  );

  // Get the resolve function, regardless of if its result is normal or abrupt (error).
  try {
    // Build a JS object of arguments from the field.arguments AST, using the
    // variables scope to fulfill any variable references.
    // TODO: find a way to memoize, in case this field is within a List type.
    const args = getArgumentValues(
      fieldDef,
      fieldNodes[0],
      exeContext.variableValues,
    );

    // The resolve function's optional third argument is a context value that
    // is provided to every resolve function within an execution. It is commonly
    // used to represent an authenticated user, or request-specific caches.
    const contextValue = exeContext.contextValue;

    const result = resolveFn(source, args, contextValue, info);

    let completed;
    if (isPromise(result)) {
      completed = result.then((resolved) =>
        completeValue(exeContext, returnType, fieldNodes, info, path, resolved),
      );
    } else {
      completed = completeValue(
        exeContext,
        returnType,
        fieldNodes,
        info,
        path,
        result,
      );
    }

    if (isPromise(completed)) {
      // Note: we don't rely on a `catch` method, but we do expect "thenable"
      // to take a second callback for the error case.
      return completed.then(undefined, (rawError) => {
        const error = locatedError(rawError, fieldNodes, pathToArray(path));
        return handleFieldError(error, returnType, exeContext);
      });
    }
    return completed;
  } catch (rawError) {
    const error = locatedError(rawError, fieldNodes, pathToArray(path));
    return handleFieldError(error, returnType, exeContext);
  }
}

/**
 * @internal
 */
export function buildResolveInfo(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  fieldDef: GraphQLField<unknown, unknown>,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  parentType: GraphQLObjectType,
  path: Path,
): GraphQLResolveInfo {
  // The resolve function's optional fourth argument is a collection of
  // information about the current execution state.
  return {
    fieldName: fieldDef.name,
    fieldNodes,
    returnType: fieldDef.type,
    parentType,
    path,
    schema: exeContext.schema,
    fragments: exeContext.fragments,
    rootValue: exeContext.rootValue,
    operation: exeContext.operation,
    variableValues: exeContext.variableValues,
  };
}

function handleFieldError(
  error: GraphQLError,
  returnType: GraphQLOutputType,
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
): null {
  // If the field type is non-nullable, then it is resolved without any
  // protection from errors, however it still properly locates the error.
  if (isNonNullType(returnType)) {
    throw error;
  }

  // Otherwise, error protection is applied, logging the error and resolving
  // a null value for this field if one is encountered.
  exeContext.errors.push(error);
  return null;
}

/**
 * Implements the instructions for completeValue as defined in the
 * "Field entries" section of the spec.
 *
 * If the field type is Non-Null, then this recursively completes the value
 * for the inner type. It throws a field error if that completion returns null,
 * as per the "Nullability" section of the spec.
 *
 * If the field type is a List, then this recursively completes the value
 * for the inner type on each item in the list.
 *
 * If the field type is a Scalar or Enum, ensures the completed value is a legal
 * value of the type by calling the `serialize` method of GraphQL type
 * definition.
 *
 * If the field is an abstract type, determine the runtime type of the value
 * and then complete based on that type
 *
 * Otherwise, the field type expects a sub-selection set, and will complete the
 * value by executing all sub-selections.
 */
function completeValue(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLOutputType,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  info: GraphQLResolveInfo,
  path: Path,
  result: unknown,
): PromiseOrValue<unknown> {
  // If result is an Error, throw a located error.
  if (result instanceof Error) {
    throw result;
  }

  // If field type is NonNull, complete for inner type, and throw field error
  // if result is null.
  if (isNonNullType(returnType)) {
    const completed = completeValue(
      exeContext,
      returnType.ofType,
      fieldNodes,
      info,
      path,
      result,
    );
    if (completed === null) {
      throw new Error(
        `Cannot return null for non-nullable field ${info.parentType.name}.${info.fieldName}.`,
      );
    }
    return completed;
  }

  // If result value is null or undefined then return null.
  if (result == null) {
    return null;
  }

  // If field type is List, complete each item in the list with the inner type
  if (isListType(returnType)) {
    return completeListValue(
      exeContext,
      returnType,
      fieldNodes,
      info,
      path,
      result,
    );
  }

  // If field type is a leaf type, Scalar or Enum, serialize to a valid value,
  // returning null if serialization is not possible.
  if (isLeafType(returnType)) {
    return completeLeafValue(returnType, result);
  }

  // If field type is an abstract type, Interface or Union, determine the
  // runtime Object type and complete for that type.
  if (isAbstractType(returnType)) {
    return completeAbstractValue(
      exeContext,
      returnType,
      fieldNodes,
      info,
      path,
      result,
    );
  }

  // If field type is Object, execute and complete all sub-selections.
  // istanbul ignore else (See: 'https://github.com/graphql/graphql-js/issues/2618')
  if (isObjectType(returnType)) {
    return completeObjectValue(
      exeContext,
      returnType,
      fieldNodes,
      info,
      path,
      result,
    );
  }

  // istanbul ignore next (Not reachable. All possible output types have been considered)
  invariant(
    false,
    'Cannot complete value of unexpected output type: ' + inspect(returnType),
  );
}

/**
 * Complete a list value by completing each item in the list with the
 * inner type
 */
function completeListValue(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLList<GraphQLOutputType>,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  info: GraphQLResolveInfo,
  path: Path,
  result: unknown,
): PromiseOrValue<ReadonlyArray<unknown>> {
  if (!isIterableObject(result)) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Expected Iterable, but did not find one for field "${info.parentType.name}.${info.fieldName}".`,
    );
  }

  // This is specified as a simple map, however we're optimizing the path
  // where the list contains no Promises by avoiding creating another Promise.
  const itemType = returnType.ofType;
  let containsPromise = false;
  const completedResults = Array.from(result, (item, index) => {
    // No need to modify the info object containing the path,
    // since from here on it is not ever accessed by resolver functions.
    const itemPath = addPath(path, index, undefined);
    try {
      let completedItem;
      if (isPromise(item)) {
        completedItem = item.then((resolved) =>
          completeValue(
            exeContext,
            itemType,
            fieldNodes,
            info,
            itemPath,
            resolved,
          ),
        );
      } else {
        completedItem = completeValue(
          exeContext,
          itemType,
          fieldNodes,
          info,
          itemPath,
          item,
        );
      }

      if (isPromise(completedItem)) {
        containsPromise = true;
        // Note: we don't rely on a `catch` method, but we do expect "thenable"
        // to take a second callback for the error case.
        return completedItem.then(undefined, (rawError) => {
          const error = locatedError(
            rawError,
            fieldNodes,
            pathToArray(itemPath),
          );
          return handleFieldError(error, itemType, exeContext);
        });
      }
      return completedItem;
    } catch (rawError) {
      const error = locatedError(rawError, fieldNodes, pathToArray(itemPath));
      return handleFieldError(error, itemType, exeContext);
    }
  });

  return containsPromise ? Promise.all(completedResults) : completedResults;
}

/**
 * Complete a Scalar or Enum by serializing to a valid value, returning
 * null if serialization is not possible.
 */
function completeLeafValue(
  returnType: GraphQLLeafType,
  result: unknown,
): unknown {
  const serializedResult = returnType.serialize(result);
  if (serializedResult === undefined) {
    throw new Error(
      `Expected a value of type "${inspect(returnType)}" but ` +
        `received: ${inspect(result)}`,
    );
  }
  return serializedResult;
}

/**
 * Complete a value of an abstract type by determining the runtime object type
 * of that value, then complete the value for that type.
 */
function completeAbstractValue(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLAbstractType,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  info: GraphQLResolveInfo,
  path: Path,
  result: unknown,
): PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown>> {
  const resolveTypeFn = returnType.resolveType ?? exeContext.typeResolver;
  const contextValue = exeContext.contextValue;
  const runtimeType = resolveTypeFn(result, contextValue, info, returnType);

  if (isPromise(runtimeType)) {
    return runtimeType.then((resolvedRuntimeType) =>
      completeObjectValue(
        exeContext,
        ensureValidRuntimeType(
          resolvedRuntimeType,
          exeContext,
          returnType,
          fieldNodes,
          info,
          result,
        ),
        fieldNodes,
        info,
        path,
        result,
      ),
    );
  }

  return completeObjectValue(
    exeContext,
    ensureValidRuntimeType(
      runtimeType,
      exeContext,
      returnType,
      fieldNodes,
      info,
      result,
    ),
    fieldNodes,
    info,
    path,
    result,
  );
}

function ensureValidRuntimeType(
  runtimeTypeName: unknown,
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLAbstractType,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  info: GraphQLResolveInfo,
  result: unknown,
): GraphQLObjectType {
  if (runtimeTypeName == null) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Abstract type "${returnType.name}" must resolve to an Object type at runtime for field "${info.parentType.name}.${info.fieldName}". Either the "${returnType.name}" type should provide a "resolveType" function or each possible type should provide an "isTypeOf" function.`,
      fieldNodes,
    );
  }

  // releases before 16.0.0 supported returning `GraphQLObjectType` from `resolveType`
  // TODO: remove in 17.0.0 release
  if (isObjectType(runtimeTypeName)) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      'Support for returning GraphQLObjectType from resolveType was removed in graphql-js@16.0.0 please return type name instead.',
    );
  }

  if (typeof runtimeTypeName !== 'string') {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Abstract type "${returnType.name}" must resolve to an Object type at runtime for field "${info.parentType.name}.${info.fieldName}" with ` +
        `value ${inspect(result)}, received "${inspect(runtimeTypeName)}".`,
    );
  }

  const runtimeType = exeContext.schema.getType(runtimeTypeName);
  if (runtimeType == null) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Abstract type "${returnType.name}" was resolved to a type "${runtimeTypeName}" that does not exist inside the schema.`,
      fieldNodes,
    );
  }

  if (!isObjectType(runtimeType)) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Abstract type "${returnType.name}" was resolved to a non-object type "${runtimeTypeName}".`,
      fieldNodes,
    );
  }

  if (!exeContext.schema.isSubType(returnType, runtimeType)) {
    throw new GraphQLError(
      `Runtime Object type "${runtimeType.name}" is not a possible type for "${returnType.name}".`,
      fieldNodes,
    );
  }

  return runtimeType;
}

/**
 * Complete an Object value by executing all sub-selections.
 */
function completeObjectValue(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLObjectType,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
  info: GraphQLResolveInfo,
  path: Path,
  result: unknown,
): PromiseOrValue<ObjMap<unknown>> {
  // Collect sub-fields to execute to complete this value.
  const subFieldNodes = collectSubfields(exeContext, returnType, fieldNodes);

  // If there is an isTypeOf predicate function, call it with the
  // current result. If isTypeOf returns false, then raise an error rather
  // than continuing execution.
  if (returnType.isTypeOf) {
    const isTypeOf = returnType.isTypeOf(result, exeContext.contextValue, info);

    if (isPromise(isTypeOf)) {
      return isTypeOf.then((resolvedIsTypeOf) => {
        if (!resolvedIsTypeOf) {
          throw invalidReturnTypeError(returnType, result, fieldNodes);
        }
        return executeFields(
          exeContext,
          returnType,
          result,
          path,
          subFieldNodes,
        );
      });
    }

    if (!isTypeOf) {
      throw invalidReturnTypeError(returnType, result, fieldNodes);
    }
  }

  return executeFields(exeContext, returnType, result, path, subFieldNodes);
}

function invalidReturnTypeError(
  returnType: GraphQLObjectType,
  result: unknown,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
): GraphQLError {
  return new GraphQLError(
    `Expected value of type "${returnType.name}" but got: ${inspect(result)}.`,
    fieldNodes,
  );
}

/**
 * A memoized collection of relevant subfields with regard to the return
 * type. Memoizing ensures the subfields are not repeatedly calculated, which
 * saves overhead when resolving lists of values.
 */
const collectSubfields = memoize3(_collectSubfields);
function _collectSubfields(
  exeContext: ExecutionContext,
  returnType: GraphQLObjectType,
  fieldNodes: ReadonlyArray<FieldNode>,
): Map<string, Array<FieldNode>> {
  let subFieldNodes = new Map();
  const visitedFragmentNames = new Set<string>();
  for (const node of fieldNodes) {
    if (node.selectionSet) {
      subFieldNodes = collectFields(
        exeContext,
        returnType,
        node.selectionSet,
        subFieldNodes,
        visitedFragmentNames,
      );
    }
  }
  return subFieldNodes;
}

/**
 * If a resolveType function is not given, then a default resolve behavior is
 * used which attempts two strategies:
 *
 * First, See if the provided value has a `__typename` field defined, if so, use
 * that value as name of the resolved type.
 *
 * Otherwise, test each possible type for the abstract type by calling
 * isTypeOf for the object being coerced, returning the first type that matches.
 */
export const defaultTypeResolver: GraphQLTypeResolver<unknown, unknown> =
  function (value, contextValue, info, abstractType) {
    // First, look for `__typename`.
    if (isObjectLike(value) && typeof value.__typename === 'string') {
      return value.__typename;
    }

    // Otherwise, test each possible type.
    const possibleTypes = info.schema.getPossibleTypes(abstractType);
    const promisedIsTypeOfResults = [];

    for (let i = 0; i < possibleTypes.length; i++) {
      const type = possibleTypes[i];

      if (type.isTypeOf) {
        const isTypeOfResult = type.isTypeOf(value, contextValue, info);

        if (isPromise(isTypeOfResult)) {
          promisedIsTypeOfResults[i] = isTypeOfResult;
        } else if (isTypeOfResult) {
          return type.name;
        }
      }
    }

    if (promisedIsTypeOfResults.length) {
      return Promise.all(promisedIsTypeOfResults).then((isTypeOfResults) => {
        for (let i = 0; i < isTypeOfResults.length; i++) {
          if (isTypeOfResults[i]) {
            return possibleTypes[i].name;
          }
        }
      });
    }
  };

/**
 * If a resolve function is not given, then a default resolve behavior is used
 * which takes the property of the source object of the same name as the field
 * and returns it as the result, or if it's a function, returns the result
 * of calling that function while passing along args and context value.
 */
export const defaultFieldResolver: GraphQLFieldResolver<unknown, unknown> =
  function (source: any, args, contextValue, info) {
    // ensure source is a value for which property access is acceptable.
    if (isObjectLike(source) || typeof source === 'function') {
      const property = source[info.fieldName];
      if (typeof property === 'function') {
        return source[info.fieldName](args, contextValue, info);
      }
      return property;
    }
  };

/**
 * This method looks up the field on the given type definition.
 * It has special casing for the three introspection fields,
 * __schema, __type and __typename. __typename is special because
 * it can always be queried as a field, even in situations where no
 * other fields are allowed, like on a Union. __schema and __type
 * could get automatically added to the query type, but that would
 * require mutating type definitions, which would cause issues.
 *
 * @internal
 */
export function getFieldDef(
  schema: GraphQLSchema,
  parentType: GraphQLObjectType,
  fieldNode: FieldNode,
): Maybe<GraphQLField<unknown, unknown>> {
  const fieldName = fieldNode.name.value;

  if (
    fieldName === SchemaMetaFieldDef.name &&
    schema.getQueryType() === parentType
  ) {
    return SchemaMetaFieldDef;
  } else if (
    fieldName === TypeMetaFieldDef.name &&
    schema.getQueryType() === parentType
  ) {
    return TypeMetaFieldDef;
  } else if (fieldName === TypeNameMetaFieldDef.name) {
    return TypeNameMetaFieldDef;
  }
  return parentType.getFields()[fieldName];
}