NettyServerHandler.java

/*
 * Copyright 2014 The gRPC Authors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package io.grpc.netty;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
import static io.grpc.internal.GrpcUtil.SERVER_KEEPALIVE_TIME_NANOS_DISABLED;
import static io.grpc.netty.NettyServerBuilder.MAX_CONNECTION_AGE_GRACE_NANOS_INFINITE;
import static io.grpc.netty.NettyServerBuilder.MAX_CONNECTION_AGE_NANOS_DISABLED;
import static io.grpc.netty.NettyServerBuilder.MAX_CONNECTION_IDLE_NANOS_DISABLED;
import static io.grpc.netty.Utils.CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER;
import static io.grpc.netty.Utils.HTTP_METHOD;
import static io.grpc.netty.Utils.TE_HEADER;
import static io.grpc.netty.Utils.TE_TRAILERS;
import static io.netty.handler.codec.http.HttpHeaderNames.CONNECTION;
import static io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2LocalFlowController.DEFAULT_WINDOW_UPDATE_RATIO;

import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.base.Strings;
import io.grpc.Attributes;
import io.grpc.ChannelLogger;
import io.grpc.ChannelLogger.ChannelLogLevel;
import io.grpc.InternalChannelz;
import io.grpc.InternalMetadata;
import io.grpc.InternalStatus;
import io.grpc.Metadata;
import io.grpc.ServerStreamTracer;
import io.grpc.Status;
import io.grpc.internal.GrpcUtil;
import io.grpc.internal.KeepAliveManager;
import io.grpc.internal.LogExceptionRunnable;
import io.grpc.internal.ServerTransportListener;
import io.grpc.internal.StatsTraceContext;
import io.grpc.internal.TransportTracer;
import io.grpc.netty.GrpcHttp2HeadersUtils.GrpcHttp2ServerHeadersDecoder;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBuf;
import io.netty.buffer.ByteBufUtil;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFutureListener;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelHandlerContext;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelPromise;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DecoratingHttp2FrameWriter;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2Connection;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2ConnectionDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2ConnectionEncoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2FrameReader;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2FrameWriter;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2Headers;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2LocalFlowController;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.DefaultHttp2RemoteFlowController;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Connection;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2ConnectionAdapter;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2ConnectionDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2ConnectionEncoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Error;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Exception;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Exception.StreamException;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2FrameAdapter;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2FrameLogger;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2FrameReader;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2FrameWriter;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Headers;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2HeadersDecoder;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2InboundFrameLogger;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2OutboundFrameLogger;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Settings;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2Stream;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.Http2StreamVisitor;
import io.netty.handler.codec.http2.WeightedFairQueueByteDistributor;
import io.netty.handler.logging.LogLevel;
import io.netty.util.AsciiString;
import io.netty.util.ReferenceCountUtil;
import io.perfmark.PerfMark;
import io.perfmark.Tag;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.annotation.CheckForNull;
import javax.annotation.Nullable;

/**
 * Server-side Netty handler for GRPC processing. All event handlers are executed entirely within
 * the context of the Netty Channel thread.
 */
class NettyServerHandler extends AbstractNettyHandler {
  private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(NettyServerHandler.class.getName());
  private static final long KEEPALIVE_PING = 0xDEADL;
  @VisibleForTesting
  static final long GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING = 0x97ACEF001L;
  private static final long GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING_TIMEOUT_NANOS = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(10);

  private final Http2Connection.PropertyKey streamKey;
  private final ServerTransportListener transportListener;
  private final int maxMessageSize;
  private final long keepAliveTimeInNanos;
  private final long keepAliveTimeoutInNanos;
  private final long maxConnectionAgeInNanos;
  private final long maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos;
  private final List<? extends ServerStreamTracer.Factory> streamTracerFactories;
  private final TransportTracer transportTracer;
  private final KeepAliveEnforcer keepAliveEnforcer;
  private final Attributes eagAttributes;
  /** Incomplete attributes produced by negotiator. */
  private Attributes negotiationAttributes;
  private InternalChannelz.Security securityInfo;
  /** Completed attributes produced by transportReady. */
  private Attributes attributes;
  private Throwable connectionError;
  private boolean teWarningLogged;
  private WriteQueue serverWriteQueue;
  private AsciiString lastKnownAuthority;
  @CheckForNull
  private KeepAliveManager keepAliveManager;
  @CheckForNull
  private MaxConnectionIdleManager maxConnectionIdleManager;
  @CheckForNull
  private ScheduledFuture<?> maxConnectionAgeMonitor;
  @CheckForNull
  private GracefulShutdown gracefulShutdown;

  static NettyServerHandler newHandler(
      ServerTransportListener transportListener,
      ChannelPromise channelUnused,
      List<? extends ServerStreamTracer.Factory> streamTracerFactories,
      TransportTracer transportTracer,
      int maxStreams,
      boolean autoFlowControl,
      int flowControlWindow,
      int maxHeaderListSize,
      int maxMessageSize,
      long keepAliveTimeInNanos,
      long keepAliveTimeoutInNanos,
      long maxConnectionIdleInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos,
      boolean permitKeepAliveWithoutCalls,
      long permitKeepAliveTimeInNanos,
      Attributes eagAttributes) {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(maxHeaderListSize > 0, "maxHeaderListSize must be positive: %s",
        maxHeaderListSize);
    Http2FrameLogger frameLogger = new Http2FrameLogger(LogLevel.DEBUG, NettyServerHandler.class);
    Http2HeadersDecoder headersDecoder = new GrpcHttp2ServerHeadersDecoder(maxHeaderListSize);
    Http2FrameReader frameReader = new Http2InboundFrameLogger(
        new DefaultHttp2FrameReader(headersDecoder), frameLogger);
    Http2FrameWriter frameWriter =
        new Http2OutboundFrameLogger(new DefaultHttp2FrameWriter(), frameLogger);
    return newHandler(
        channelUnused,
        frameReader,
        frameWriter,
        transportListener,
        streamTracerFactories,
        transportTracer,
        maxStreams,
        autoFlowControl,
        flowControlWindow,
        maxHeaderListSize,
        maxMessageSize,
        keepAliveTimeInNanos,
        keepAliveTimeoutInNanos,
        maxConnectionIdleInNanos,
        maxConnectionAgeInNanos,
        maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos,
        permitKeepAliveWithoutCalls,
        permitKeepAliveTimeInNanos,
        eagAttributes);
  }

  static NettyServerHandler newHandler(
      ChannelPromise channelUnused,
      Http2FrameReader frameReader,
      Http2FrameWriter frameWriter,
      ServerTransportListener transportListener,
      List<? extends ServerStreamTracer.Factory> streamTracerFactories,
      TransportTracer transportTracer,
      int maxStreams,
      boolean autoFlowControl,
      int flowControlWindow,
      int maxHeaderListSize,
      int maxMessageSize,
      long keepAliveTimeInNanos,
      long keepAliveTimeoutInNanos,
      long maxConnectionIdleInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos,
      boolean permitKeepAliveWithoutCalls,
      long permitKeepAliveTimeInNanos,
      Attributes eagAttributes) {
    Preconditions.checkArgument(maxStreams > 0, "maxStreams must be positive: %s", maxStreams);
    Preconditions.checkArgument(flowControlWindow > 0, "flowControlWindow must be positive: %s",
        flowControlWindow);
    Preconditions.checkArgument(maxHeaderListSize > 0, "maxHeaderListSize must be positive: %s",
        maxHeaderListSize);
    Preconditions.checkArgument(maxMessageSize > 0, "maxMessageSize must be positive: %s",
        maxMessageSize);

    final Http2Connection connection = new DefaultHttp2Connection(true);
    WeightedFairQueueByteDistributor dist = new WeightedFairQueueByteDistributor(connection);
    dist.allocationQuantum(16 * 1024); // Make benchmarks fast again.
    DefaultHttp2RemoteFlowController controller =
        new DefaultHttp2RemoteFlowController(connection, dist);
    connection.remote().flowController(controller);
    final KeepAliveEnforcer keepAliveEnforcer = new KeepAliveEnforcer(
        permitKeepAliveWithoutCalls, permitKeepAliveTimeInNanos, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);

    // Create the local flow controller configured to auto-refill the connection window.
    connection.local().flowController(
        new DefaultHttp2LocalFlowController(connection, DEFAULT_WINDOW_UPDATE_RATIO, true));
    frameWriter = new WriteMonitoringFrameWriter(frameWriter, keepAliveEnforcer);
    Http2ConnectionEncoder encoder =
        new DefaultHttp2ConnectionEncoder(connection, frameWriter);
    encoder = new Http2ControlFrameLimitEncoder(encoder, 10000);
    Http2ConnectionDecoder decoder = new DefaultHttp2ConnectionDecoder(connection, encoder,
        frameReader);

    Http2Settings settings = new Http2Settings();
    settings.initialWindowSize(flowControlWindow);
    settings.maxConcurrentStreams(maxStreams);
    settings.maxHeaderListSize(maxHeaderListSize);

    return new NettyServerHandler(
        channelUnused,
        connection,
        transportListener,
        streamTracerFactories,
        transportTracer,
        decoder, encoder, settings,
        maxMessageSize,
        keepAliveTimeInNanos, keepAliveTimeoutInNanos,
        maxConnectionIdleInNanos,
        maxConnectionAgeInNanos, maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos,
        keepAliveEnforcer,
        autoFlowControl,
        eagAttributes);
  }

  private NettyServerHandler(
      ChannelPromise channelUnused,
      final Http2Connection connection,
      ServerTransportListener transportListener,
      List<? extends ServerStreamTracer.Factory> streamTracerFactories,
      TransportTracer transportTracer,
      Http2ConnectionDecoder decoder,
      Http2ConnectionEncoder encoder,
      Http2Settings settings,
      int maxMessageSize,
      long keepAliveTimeInNanos,
      long keepAliveTimeoutInNanos,
      long maxConnectionIdleInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeInNanos,
      long maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos,
      final KeepAliveEnforcer keepAliveEnforcer,
      boolean autoFlowControl,
      Attributes eagAttributes) {
    super(channelUnused, decoder, encoder, settings, new ServerChannelLogger(),
        autoFlowControl, null);

    final MaxConnectionIdleManager maxConnectionIdleManager;
    if (maxConnectionIdleInNanos == MAX_CONNECTION_IDLE_NANOS_DISABLED) {
      maxConnectionIdleManager = null;
    } else {
      maxConnectionIdleManager = new MaxConnectionIdleManager(maxConnectionIdleInNanos) {
        @Override
        void close(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
          if (gracefulShutdown == null) {
            gracefulShutdown = new GracefulShutdown("max_idle", null);
            gracefulShutdown.start(ctx);
            ctx.flush();
          }
        }
      };
    }

    connection.addListener(new Http2ConnectionAdapter() {
      @Override
      public void onStreamActive(Http2Stream stream) {
        if (connection.numActiveStreams() == 1) {
          keepAliveEnforcer.onTransportActive();
          if (maxConnectionIdleManager != null) {
            maxConnectionIdleManager.onTransportActive();
          }
        }
      }

      @Override
      public void onStreamClosed(Http2Stream stream) {
        if (connection.numActiveStreams() == 0) {
          keepAliveEnforcer.onTransportIdle();
          if (maxConnectionIdleManager != null) {
            maxConnectionIdleManager.onTransportIdle();
          }
        }
      }
    });

    checkArgument(maxMessageSize >= 0, "maxMessageSize must be non-negative: %s", maxMessageSize);
    this.maxMessageSize = maxMessageSize;
    this.keepAliveTimeInNanos = keepAliveTimeInNanos;
    this.keepAliveTimeoutInNanos = keepAliveTimeoutInNanos;
    this.maxConnectionIdleManager = maxConnectionIdleManager;
    this.maxConnectionAgeInNanos = maxConnectionAgeInNanos;
    this.maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos = maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos;
    this.keepAliveEnforcer = checkNotNull(keepAliveEnforcer, "keepAliveEnforcer");
    this.eagAttributes = checkNotNull(eagAttributes, "eagAttributes");

    streamKey = encoder.connection().newKey();
    this.transportListener = checkNotNull(transportListener, "transportListener");
    this.streamTracerFactories = checkNotNull(streamTracerFactories, "streamTracerFactories");
    this.transportTracer = checkNotNull(transportTracer, "transportTracer");

    // Set the frame listener on the decoder.
    decoder().frameListener(new FrameListener());
  }

  @Nullable
  Throwable connectionError() {
    return connectionError;
  }

  @Override
  public void handlerAdded(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
    serverWriteQueue = new WriteQueue(ctx.channel());

    // init max connection age monitor
    if (maxConnectionAgeInNanos != MAX_CONNECTION_AGE_NANOS_DISABLED) {
      maxConnectionAgeMonitor = ctx.executor().schedule(
          new LogExceptionRunnable(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
              if (gracefulShutdown == null) {
                gracefulShutdown = new GracefulShutdown("max_age", maxConnectionAgeGraceInNanos);
                gracefulShutdown.start(ctx);
                ctx.flush();
              }
            }
          }),
          maxConnectionAgeInNanos,
          TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    if (maxConnectionIdleManager != null) {
      maxConnectionIdleManager.start(ctx);
    }

    if (keepAliveTimeInNanos != SERVER_KEEPALIVE_TIME_NANOS_DISABLED) {
      keepAliveManager = new KeepAliveManager(new KeepAlivePinger(ctx), ctx.executor(),
          keepAliveTimeInNanos, keepAliveTimeoutInNanos, true /* keepAliveDuringTransportIdle */);
      keepAliveManager.onTransportStarted();
    }

    assert encoder().connection().equals(decoder().connection());
    transportTracer.setFlowControlWindowReader(new Utils.FlowControlReader(encoder().connection()));

    super.handlerAdded(ctx);
  }

  private void onHeadersRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, Http2Headers headers)
      throws Http2Exception {
    try {
      // Connection-specific header fields makes a request malformed. Ideally this would be handled
      // by Netty. RFC 7540 section 8.1.2.2
      if (headers.contains(CONNECTION)) {
        resetStream(ctx, streamId, Http2Error.PROTOCOL_ERROR.code(), ctx.newPromise());
        return;
      }

      // Remove the leading slash of the path and get the fully qualified method name
      CharSequence path = headers.path();

      if (path == null) {
        respondWithHttpError(ctx, streamId, 404, Status.Code.UNIMPLEMENTED,
            "Expected path but is missing");
        return;
      }

      if (path.charAt(0) != '/') {
        respondWithHttpError(ctx, streamId, 404, Status.Code.UNIMPLEMENTED,
            String.format("Expected path to start with /: %s", path));
        return;
      }

      String method = path.subSequence(1, path.length()).toString();

      // Verify that the Content-Type is correct in the request.
      CharSequence contentType = headers.get(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER);
      if (contentType == null) {
        respondWithHttpError(
            ctx, streamId, 415, Status.Code.INTERNAL, "Content-Type is missing from the request");
        return;
      }
      String contentTypeString = contentType.toString();
      if (!GrpcUtil.isGrpcContentType(contentTypeString)) {
        respondWithHttpError(ctx, streamId, 415, Status.Code.INTERNAL,
            String.format("Content-Type '%s' is not supported", contentTypeString));
        return;
      }

      if (!HTTP_METHOD.contentEquals(headers.method())) {
        respondWithHttpError(ctx, streamId, 405, Status.Code.INTERNAL,
            String.format("Method '%s' is not supported", headers.method()));
        return;
      }

      if (!teWarningLogged && !TE_TRAILERS.contentEquals(headers.get(TE_HEADER))) {
        logger.warning(String.format("Expected header TE: %s, but %s is received. This means "
                + "some intermediate proxy may not support trailers",
            TE_TRAILERS, headers.get(TE_HEADER)));
        teWarningLogged = true;
      }

      // The Http2Stream object was put by AbstractHttp2ConnectionHandler before calling this
      // method.
      Http2Stream http2Stream = requireHttp2Stream(streamId);

      Metadata metadata = Utils.convertHeaders(headers);
      StatsTraceContext statsTraceCtx =
          StatsTraceContext.newServerContext(streamTracerFactories, method, metadata);

      NettyServerStream.TransportState state = new NettyServerStream.TransportState(
          this,
          ctx.channel().eventLoop(),
          http2Stream,
          maxMessageSize,
          statsTraceCtx,
          transportTracer,
          method);

      PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.onHeadersRead", state.tag());
      try {
        String authority = getOrUpdateAuthority((AsciiString) headers.authority());
        NettyServerStream stream = new NettyServerStream(
            ctx.channel(),
            state,
            attributes,
            authority,
            statsTraceCtx,
            transportTracer);
        transportListener.streamCreated(stream, method, metadata);
        state.onStreamAllocated();
        http2Stream.setProperty(streamKey, state);
      } finally {
        PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.onHeadersRead", state.tag());
      }
    } catch (Exception e) {
      logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Exception in onHeadersRead()", e);
      // Throw an exception that will get handled by onStreamError.
      throw newStreamException(streamId, e);
    }
  }

  private String getOrUpdateAuthority(AsciiString authority) {
    if (authority == null) {
      return null;
    } else if (!authority.equals(lastKnownAuthority)) {
      lastKnownAuthority = authority;
    }

    // AsciiString.toString() is internally cached, so subsequent calls will not
    // result in recomputing the String representation of lastKnownAuthority.
    return lastKnownAuthority.toString();
  }

  private void onDataRead(int streamId, ByteBuf data, int padding, boolean endOfStream)
      throws Http2Exception {
    flowControlPing().onDataRead(data.readableBytes(), padding);
    try {
      NettyServerStream.TransportState stream = serverStream(requireHttp2Stream(streamId));
      PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.onDataRead", stream.tag());
      try {
        stream.inboundDataReceived(data, endOfStream);
      } finally {
        PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.onDataRead", stream.tag());
      }
    } catch (Throwable e) {
      logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Exception in onDataRead()", e);
      // Throw an exception that will get handled by onStreamError.
      throw newStreamException(streamId, e);
    }
  }

  private void onRstStreamRead(int streamId, long errorCode) throws Http2Exception {
    try {
      NettyServerStream.TransportState stream = serverStream(connection().stream(streamId));
      if (stream != null) {
        PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.onRstStreamRead", stream.tag());
        try {
          stream.transportReportStatus(
              Status.CANCELLED.withDescription("RST_STREAM received for code " + errorCode));
        } finally {
          PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.onRstStreamRead", stream.tag());
        }
      }
    } catch (Throwable e) {
      logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Exception in onRstStreamRead()", e);
      // Throw an exception that will get handled by onStreamError.
      throw newStreamException(streamId, e);
    }
  }

  @Override
  protected void onConnectionError(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, boolean outbound, Throwable cause,
      Http2Exception http2Ex) {
    logger.log(Level.FINE, "Connection Error", cause);
    connectionError = cause;
    super.onConnectionError(ctx, outbound, cause, http2Ex);
  }

  @Override
  protected void onStreamError(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, boolean outbound, Throwable cause,
      StreamException http2Ex) {
    NettyServerStream.TransportState serverStream = serverStream(
        connection().stream(Http2Exception.streamId(http2Ex)));
    Level level = Level.WARNING;
    if (serverStream == null && http2Ex.error() == Http2Error.STREAM_CLOSED) {
      level = Level.FINE;
    }
    logger.log(level, "Stream Error", cause);
    Tag tag = serverStream != null ? serverStream.tag() : PerfMark.createTag();
    PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.onStreamError", tag);
    try {
      if (serverStream != null) {
        serverStream.transportReportStatus(Utils.statusFromThrowable(cause));
      }
      // TODO(ejona): Abort the stream by sending headers to help the client with debugging.
      // Delegate to the base class to send a RST_STREAM.
      super.onStreamError(ctx, outbound, cause, http2Ex);
    } finally {
      PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.onStreamError", tag);
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void handleProtocolNegotiationCompleted(
      Attributes attrs, InternalChannelz.Security securityInfo) {
    negotiationAttributes = attrs;
    this.securityInfo = securityInfo;
    super.handleProtocolNegotiationCompleted(attrs, securityInfo);
    NettyClientHandler.writeBufferingAndRemove(ctx().channel());
  }

  @Override
  public Attributes getEagAttributes() {
    return eagAttributes;
  }

  InternalChannelz.Security getSecurityInfo() {
    return securityInfo;
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  KeepAliveManager getKeepAliveManagerForTest() {
    return keepAliveManager;
  }

  @VisibleForTesting
  void setKeepAliveManagerForTest(KeepAliveManager keepAliveManager) {
    this.keepAliveManager = keepAliveManager;
  }

  /**
   * Handler for the Channel shutting down.
   */
  @Override
  public void channelInactive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
    try {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onTransportTermination();
      }
      if (maxConnectionIdleManager != null) {
        maxConnectionIdleManager.onTransportTermination();
      }
      if (maxConnectionAgeMonitor != null) {
        maxConnectionAgeMonitor.cancel(false);
      }
      final Status status =
          Status.UNAVAILABLE.withDescription("connection terminated for unknown reason");
      // Any streams that are still active must be closed
      connection().forEachActiveStream(new Http2StreamVisitor() {
        @Override
        public boolean visit(Http2Stream stream) throws Http2Exception {
          NettyServerStream.TransportState serverStream = serverStream(stream);
          if (serverStream != null) {
            serverStream.transportReportStatus(status);
          }
          return true;
        }
      });
    } finally {
      super.channelInactive(ctx);
    }
  }

  WriteQueue getWriteQueue() {
    return serverWriteQueue;
  }

  /**
   * Handler for commands sent from the stream.
   */
  @Override
  public void write(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg, ChannelPromise promise)
      throws Exception {
    if (msg instanceof SendGrpcFrameCommand) {
      sendGrpcFrame(ctx, (SendGrpcFrameCommand) msg, promise);
    } else if (msg instanceof SendResponseHeadersCommand) {
      sendResponseHeaders(ctx, (SendResponseHeadersCommand) msg, promise);
    } else if (msg instanceof CancelServerStreamCommand) {
      cancelStream(ctx, (CancelServerStreamCommand) msg, promise);
    } else if (msg instanceof ForcefulCloseCommand) {
      forcefulClose(ctx, (ForcefulCloseCommand) msg, promise);
    } else {
      AssertionError e =
          new AssertionError("Write called for unexpected type: " + msg.getClass().getName());
      ReferenceCountUtil.release(msg);
      promise.setFailure(e);
      throw e;
    }
  }

  @Override
  public void close(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
    if (gracefulShutdown == null) {
      gracefulShutdown = new GracefulShutdown("app_requested", null);
      gracefulShutdown.start(ctx);
      ctx.flush();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns the given processed bytes back to inbound flow control.
   */
  void returnProcessedBytes(Http2Stream http2Stream, int bytes) {
    try {
      decoder().flowController().consumeBytes(http2Stream, bytes);
    } catch (Http2Exception e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
  }

  private void closeStreamWhenDone(ChannelPromise promise, int streamId) throws Http2Exception {
    final NettyServerStream.TransportState stream = serverStream(requireHttp2Stream(streamId));
    promise.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
      @Override
      public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) {
        stream.complete();
      }
    });
  }

  /**
   * Sends the given gRPC frame to the client.
   */
  private void sendGrpcFrame(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SendGrpcFrameCommand cmd,
      ChannelPromise promise) throws Http2Exception {
    PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.sendGrpcFrame", cmd.stream().tag());
    PerfMark.linkIn(cmd.getLink());
    try {
      if (cmd.endStream()) {
        closeStreamWhenDone(promise, cmd.stream().id());
      }
      // Call the base class to write the HTTP/2 DATA frame.
      encoder().writeData(ctx, cmd.stream().id(), cmd.content(), 0, cmd.endStream(), promise);
    } finally {
      PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.sendGrpcFrame", cmd.stream().tag());
    }
  }

  /**
   * Sends the response headers to the client.
   */
  private void sendResponseHeaders(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, SendResponseHeadersCommand cmd,
      ChannelPromise promise) throws Http2Exception {
    PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.sendResponseHeaders", cmd.stream().tag());
    PerfMark.linkIn(cmd.getLink());
    try {
      // TODO(carl-mastrangelo): remove this check once https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/6296
      // is fixed.
      int streamId = cmd.stream().id();
      Http2Stream stream = connection().stream(streamId);
      if (stream == null) {
        resetStream(ctx, streamId, Http2Error.CANCEL.code(), promise);
        return;
      }
      if (cmd.endOfStream()) {
        closeStreamWhenDone(promise, streamId);
      }
      encoder().writeHeaders(ctx, streamId, cmd.headers(), 0, cmd.endOfStream(), promise);
    } finally {
      PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.sendResponseHeaders", cmd.stream().tag());
    }
  }

  private void cancelStream(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, CancelServerStreamCommand cmd,
      ChannelPromise promise) {
    PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.cancelStream", cmd.stream().tag());
    PerfMark.linkIn(cmd.getLink());
    try {
      // Notify the listener if we haven't already.
      cmd.stream().transportReportStatus(cmd.reason());
      // Terminate the stream.
      encoder().writeRstStream(ctx, cmd.stream().id(), Http2Error.CANCEL.code(), promise);
    } finally {
      PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.cancelStream", cmd.stream().tag());
    }
  }

  private void forcefulClose(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx, final ForcefulCloseCommand msg,
      ChannelPromise promise) throws Exception {
    super.close(ctx, promise);
    connection().forEachActiveStream(new Http2StreamVisitor() {
      @Override
      public boolean visit(Http2Stream stream) throws Http2Exception {
        NettyServerStream.TransportState serverStream = serverStream(stream);
        if (serverStream != null) {
          PerfMark.startTask("NettyServerHandler.forcefulClose", serverStream.tag());
          PerfMark.linkIn(msg.getLink());
          try {
            serverStream.transportReportStatus(msg.getStatus());
            resetStream(ctx, stream.id(), Http2Error.CANCEL.code(), ctx.newPromise());
          } finally {
            PerfMark.stopTask("NettyServerHandler.forcefulClose", serverStream.tag());
          }
        }
        stream.close();
        return true;
      }
    });
  }

  private void respondWithHttpError(
      ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, int code, Status.Code statusCode, String msg) {
    Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
    metadata.put(InternalStatus.CODE_KEY, statusCode.toStatus());
    metadata.put(InternalStatus.MESSAGE_KEY, msg);
    byte[][] serialized = InternalMetadata.serialize(metadata);

    Http2Headers headers = new DefaultHttp2Headers(true, serialized.length / 2)
        .status("" + code)
        .set(CONTENT_TYPE_HEADER, "text/plain; charset=utf-8");
    for (int i = 0; i < serialized.length; i += 2) {
      headers.add(new AsciiString(serialized[i], false), new AsciiString(serialized[i + 1], false));
    }
    encoder().writeHeaders(ctx, streamId, headers, 0, false, ctx.newPromise());
    ByteBuf msgBuf = ByteBufUtil.writeUtf8(ctx.alloc(), msg);
    encoder().writeData(ctx, streamId, msgBuf, 0, true, ctx.newPromise());
  }

  private Http2Stream requireHttp2Stream(int streamId) {
    Http2Stream stream = connection().stream(streamId);
    if (stream == null) {
      // This should never happen.
      throw new AssertionError("Stream does not exist: " + streamId);
    }
    return stream;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the server stream associated to the given HTTP/2 stream object.
   */
  private NettyServerStream.TransportState serverStream(Http2Stream stream) {
    return stream == null ? null : (NettyServerStream.TransportState) stream.getProperty(streamKey);
  }

  private Http2Exception newStreamException(int streamId, Throwable cause) {
    return Http2Exception.streamError(
        streamId, Http2Error.INTERNAL_ERROR, cause, Strings.nullToEmpty(cause.getMessage()));
  }

  private class FrameListener extends Http2FrameAdapter {
    private boolean firstSettings = true;

    @Override
    public void onSettingsRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Http2Settings settings) {
      if (firstSettings) {
        firstSettings = false;
        // Delay transportReady until we see the client's HTTP handshake, for coverage with
        // handshakeTimeout
        attributes = transportListener.transportReady(negotiationAttributes);
      }
    }

    @Override
    public int onDataRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, ByteBuf data, int padding,
        boolean endOfStream) throws Http2Exception {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onDataReceived();
      }
      NettyServerHandler.this.onDataRead(streamId, data, padding, endOfStream);
      return padding;
    }

    @Override
    public void onHeadersRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx,
        int streamId,
        Http2Headers headers,
        int streamDependency,
        short weight,
        boolean exclusive,
        int padding,
        boolean endStream) throws Http2Exception {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onDataReceived();
      }
      NettyServerHandler.this.onHeadersRead(ctx, streamId, headers);
    }

    @Override
    public void onRstStreamRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, long errorCode)
        throws Http2Exception {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onDataReceived();
      }
      NettyServerHandler.this.onRstStreamRead(streamId, errorCode);
    }

    @Override
    public void onPingRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, long data) throws Http2Exception {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onDataReceived();
      }
      if (!keepAliveEnforcer.pingAcceptable()) {
        ByteBuf debugData = ByteBufUtil.writeAscii(ctx.alloc(), "too_many_pings");
        goAway(ctx, connection().remote().lastStreamCreated(), Http2Error.ENHANCE_YOUR_CALM.code(),
            debugData, ctx.newPromise());
        Status status = Status.RESOURCE_EXHAUSTED.withDescription("Too many pings from client");
        try {
          forcefulClose(ctx, new ForcefulCloseCommand(status), ctx.newPromise());
        } catch (Exception ex) {
          onError(ctx, /* outbound= */ true, ex);
        }
      }
    }

    @Override
    public void onPingAckRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, long data) throws Http2Exception {
      if (keepAliveManager != null) {
        keepAliveManager.onDataReceived();
      }
      if (data == flowControlPing().payload()) {
        flowControlPing().updateWindow();
        if (logger.isLoggable(Level.FINE)) {
          logger.log(Level.FINE, String.format("Window: %d",
              decoder().flowController().initialWindowSize(connection().connectionStream())));
        }
      } else if (data == GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING) {
        if (gracefulShutdown == null) {
          // this should never happen
          logger.warning("Received GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING Ack but gracefulShutdown is null");
        } else {
          gracefulShutdown.secondGoAwayAndClose(ctx);
        }
      } else if (data != KEEPALIVE_PING) {
        logger.warning("Received unexpected ping ack. No ping outstanding");
      }
    }
  }

  private final class KeepAlivePinger implements KeepAliveManager.KeepAlivePinger {
    final ChannelHandlerContext ctx;

    KeepAlivePinger(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
      this.ctx = ctx;
    }

    @Override
    public void ping() {
      ChannelFuture pingFuture = encoder().writePing(
          ctx, false /* isAck */, KEEPALIVE_PING, ctx.newPromise());
      ctx.flush();
      pingFuture.addListener(new ChannelFutureListener() {
        @Override
        public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
          if (future.isSuccess()) {
            transportTracer.reportKeepAliveSent();
          }
        }
      });
    }

    @Override
    public void onPingTimeout() {
      try {
        forcefulClose(
            ctx,
            new ForcefulCloseCommand(Status.UNAVAILABLE
                .withDescription("Keepalive failed. The connection is likely gone")),
            ctx.newPromise());
      } catch (Exception ex) {
        try {
          exceptionCaught(ctx, ex);
        } catch (Exception ex2) {
          logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Exception while propagating exception", ex2);
          logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Original failure", ex);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  private final class GracefulShutdown {
    String goAwayMessage;

    /**
     * The grace time between starting graceful shutdown and closing the netty channel,
     * {@code null} is unspecified.
     */
    @CheckForNull
    Long graceTimeInNanos;

    /**
     * True if ping is Acked or ping is timeout.
     */
    boolean pingAckedOrTimeout;

    Future<?> pingFuture;

    GracefulShutdown(String goAwayMessage,
        @Nullable Long graceTimeInNanos) {
      this.goAwayMessage = goAwayMessage;
      this.graceTimeInNanos = graceTimeInNanos;
    }

    /**
     * Sends out first GOAWAY and ping, and schedules second GOAWAY and close.
     */
    void start(final ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
      goAway(
          ctx,
          Integer.MAX_VALUE,
          Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(),
          ByteBufUtil.writeAscii(ctx.alloc(), goAwayMessage),
          ctx.newPromise());

      pingFuture = ctx.executor().schedule(
          new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
              secondGoAwayAndClose(ctx);
            }
          },
          GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING_TIMEOUT_NANOS,
          TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);

      encoder().writePing(ctx, false /* isAck */, GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_PING, ctx.newPromise());
    }

    void secondGoAwayAndClose(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) {
      if (pingAckedOrTimeout) {
        return;
      }
      pingAckedOrTimeout = true;

      checkNotNull(pingFuture, "pingFuture");
      pingFuture.cancel(false);

      // send the second GOAWAY with last stream id
      goAway(
          ctx,
          connection().remote().lastStreamCreated(),
          Http2Error.NO_ERROR.code(),
          ByteBufUtil.writeAscii(ctx.alloc(), goAwayMessage),
          ctx.newPromise());

      // gracefully shutdown with specified grace time
      long savedGracefulShutdownTimeMillis = gracefulShutdownTimeoutMillis();
      long overriddenGraceTime = graceTimeOverrideMillis(savedGracefulShutdownTimeMillis);
      try {
        gracefulShutdownTimeoutMillis(overriddenGraceTime);
        NettyServerHandler.super.close(ctx, ctx.newPromise());
      } catch (Exception e) {
        onError(ctx, /* outbound= */ true, e);
      } finally {
        gracefulShutdownTimeoutMillis(savedGracefulShutdownTimeMillis);
      }
    }

    private long graceTimeOverrideMillis(long originalMillis) {
      if (graceTimeInNanos == null) {
        return originalMillis;
      }
      if (graceTimeInNanos == MAX_CONNECTION_AGE_GRACE_NANOS_INFINITE) {
        // netty treats -1 as "no timeout"
        return -1L;
      }
      return TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(graceTimeInNanos);
    }
  }

  // Use a frame writer so that we know when frames are through flow control and actually being
  // written.
  private static class WriteMonitoringFrameWriter extends DecoratingHttp2FrameWriter {
    private final KeepAliveEnforcer keepAliveEnforcer;

    public WriteMonitoringFrameWriter(Http2FrameWriter delegate,
        KeepAliveEnforcer keepAliveEnforcer) {
      super(delegate);
      this.keepAliveEnforcer = keepAliveEnforcer;
    }

    @Override
    public ChannelFuture writeData(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, ByteBuf data,
        int padding, boolean endStream, ChannelPromise promise) {
      keepAliveEnforcer.resetCounters();
      return super.writeData(ctx, streamId, data, padding, endStream, promise);
    }

    @Override
    public ChannelFuture writeHeaders(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, Http2Headers headers,
        int padding, boolean endStream, ChannelPromise promise) {
      keepAliveEnforcer.resetCounters();
      return super.writeHeaders(ctx, streamId, headers, padding, endStream, promise);
    }

    @Override
    public ChannelFuture writeHeaders(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, int streamId, Http2Headers headers,
        int streamDependency, short weight, boolean exclusive, int padding, boolean endStream,
        ChannelPromise promise) {
      keepAliveEnforcer.resetCounters();
      return super.writeHeaders(ctx, streamId, headers, streamDependency, weight, exclusive,
          padding, endStream, promise);
    }
  }

  private static class ServerChannelLogger extends ChannelLogger {
    private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ChannelLogger.class.getName());

    @Override
    public void log(ChannelLogLevel level, String message) {
      log.log(toJavaLogLevel(level), message);
    }

    @Override
    public void log(ChannelLogLevel level, String messageFormat, Object... args) {
      log(level, MessageFormat.format(messageFormat, args));
    }
  }

  private static Level toJavaLogLevel(ChannelLogLevel level) {
    switch (level) {
      case ERROR:
        return Level.FINE;
      case WARNING:
        return Level.FINER;
      default:
        return Level.FINEST;
    }
  }
}