diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index a5db90365..c16b97ab7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@ for more information about extending configuration files.
 | [prefer-to-be-undefined][]   | Suggest using `toBeUndefined()`                                   |                  | ![fixable-green][]  |
 | [prefer-to-have-length][]    | Suggest using `toHaveLength()`                                    | ![recommended][] | ![fixable-green][]  |
 | [prefer-inline-snapshots][]  | Suggest using `toMatchInlineSnapshot()`                           |                  | ![fixable-green][]  |
+| [require-tothrow-message][]  | Require that `toThrow()` and `toThrowError` includes a message    |                  |                     |
 | [valid-describe][]           | Enforce valid `describe()` callback                               |                  |                     |
 | [valid-expect-in-promise][]  | Enforce having return statement when testing with promises        |                  |                     |
 | [valid-expect][]             | Enforce valid `expect()` usage                                    | ![recommended][] |                     |
@@ -125,6 +126,7 @@ for more information about extending configuration files.
 [prefer-to-be-undefined]: docs/rules/prefer-to-be-undefined.md
 [prefer-to-have-length]: docs/rules/prefer-to-have-length.md
 [prefer-inline-snapshots]: docs/rules/prefer-inline-snapshots.md
+[require-tothrow-message]: docs/rules/require-tothrow-message.md
 [valid-describe]: docs/rules/valid-describe.md
 [valid-expect-in-promise]: docs/rules/valid-expect-in-promise.md
 [valid-expect]: docs/rules/valid-expect.md
diff --git a/docs/rules/require-tothrow-message.md b/docs/rules/require-tothrow-message.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..444d36437
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/rules/require-tothrow-message.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Require a message for `toThrow()` (require-tothrow-message)
+
+`toThrow()`, and its alias `toThrowError()`, are used to check if an error is
+thrown by a function call, such as in `expect(() => a()).toThrow()`. However, if
+no message is defined, then the test will pass for any thrown error. Requiring a
+message ensures that the intended error is thrown.
+
+## Rule details
+
+This rule triggers a warning if `toThrow()` or `toThrowError()` is used without
+an error message.
+
+### Default configuration
+
+The following patterns are considered warnings:
+
+```js
+expect(() => a()).toThrow();
+
+expect(() => a()).toThrowError();
+```
+
+The following patterns are not considered warnings:
+
+```js
+expect(() => a()).toThrow('a');
+
+expect(() => a()).toThrowError('a');
+```
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index 44ec39abb..0ae57b9e7 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ const preferExpectAssertions = require('./rules/prefer-expect-assertions');
 const validExpectInPromise = require('./rules/valid-expect-in-promise');
 const preferInlineSnapshots = require('./rules/prefer-inline-snapshots');
 const preferStrictEqual = require('./rules/prefer-strict-equal');
+const requireTothrowMessage = require('./rules/require-tothrow-message');
 
 const snapshotProcessor = require('./processors/snapshot-processor');
 
@@ -89,5 +90,6 @@ module.exports = {
     'valid-expect-in-promise': validExpectInPromise,
     'prefer-inline-snapshots': preferInlineSnapshots,
     'prefer-strict-equal': preferStrictEqual,
+    'require-tothrow-message': requireTothrowMessage,
   },
 };
diff --git a/rules/__tests__/require-tothrow-message.js b/rules/__tests__/require-tothrow-message.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..536e9ec6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rules/__tests__/require-tothrow-message.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const RuleTester = require('eslint').RuleTester;
+const rule = require('../require-tothrow-message');
+
+const ruleTester = new RuleTester();
+
+ruleTester.run('require-tothrow-message', rule, {
+  valid: [
+    "expect(function() { a() }).toThrow('a');",
+    "expect(function() { a() }).toThrowError('a');",
+  ],
+
+  invalid: [
+    {
+      code: 'expect(function() { a() }).toThrow();',
+      errors: [
+        { message: 'Add an error message to toThrow()', column: 28, line: 1 },
+      ],
+    },
+    {
+      code: 'expect(function() { a() }).toThrowError();',
+      errors: [
+        {
+          message: 'Add an error message to toThrowError()',
+          column: 28,
+          line: 1,
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ],
+});
diff --git a/rules/require-tothrow-message.js b/rules/require-tothrow-message.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f637c39b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rules/require-tothrow-message.js
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const getDocsUrl = require('./util').getDocsUrl;
+
+module.exports = {
+  meta: {
+    docs: {
+      url: getDocsUrl(__filename),
+    },
+  },
+  create(context) {
+    return {
+      CallExpression(node) {
+        const propertyName = node.callee.property && node.callee.property.name;
+
+        // Look for `toThrow` calls with no arguments.
+        if (
+          ['toThrow', 'toThrowError'].indexOf(propertyName) > -1 &&
+          !(node.arguments[0] && node.arguments[0].type === 'Literal')
+        ) {
+          context.report({
+            message: `Add an error message to {{ propertyName }}()`,
+            data: {
+              propertyName,
+            },
+            node: node.callee.property,
+          });
+        }
+      },
+    };
+  },
+};