diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index cb82e49b0b11..123229924e33 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 ### Features
 
+- `[expect]` Update `toThrow()` to be able to use [error causes](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error/cause) ([#13606](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13606))
 - `[jest-core]` allow to use workerIdleMemoryLimit with only 1 worker or runInBand option ([#13846](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13846))
 - `[jest-message-util]` Add support for [error causes](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error/cause) ([#13868](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13868) & [#13912](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13912))
 - `[jest-runtime]` Revert `import assertions` for JSON modules as it's been relegated to Stage 2 ([#13911](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13911))
diff --git a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
index 281e5ec44a56..7384bf89ebac 100644
--- a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
+++ b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/toThrowMatchers.test.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
  * LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
  */
 
-import {alignedAnsiStyleSerializer} from '@jest/test-utils';
+import {alignedAnsiStyleSerializer, onNodeVersions} from '@jest/test-utils';
 import jestExpect from '../';
 
 expect.addSnapshotSerializer(alignedAnsiStyleSerializer);
@@ -278,6 +278,58 @@ describe.each(['toThrowError', 'toThrow'] as const)('%s', toThrow => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('error message and cause', () => {
+    const errorA = new Error('A');
+    const errorB = new Error('B', {cause: errorA});
+    const expected = new Error('good', {cause: errorB});
+
+    describe('pass', () => {
+      test('isNot false', () => {
+        jestExpect(() => {
+          throw new Error('good', {cause: errorB});
+        })[toThrow](expected);
+      });
+
+      test('isNot true, incorrect message', () => {
+        jestExpect(() => {
+          throw new Error('bad', {cause: errorB});
+        }).not[toThrow](expected);
+      });
+
+      onNodeVersions('>=16.9.0', () => {
+        test('isNot true, incorrect cause', () => {
+          jestExpect(() => {
+            throw new Error('good', {cause: errorA});
+          }).not[toThrow](expected);
+        });
+      });
+    });
+
+    describe('fail', () => {
+      onNodeVersions('>=16.9.0', () => {
+        test('isNot false, incorrect message', () => {
+          expect(() =>
+            jestExpect(() => {
+              throw new Error('bad', {cause: errorB});
+            })[toThrow](expected),
+          ).toThrow(
+            /^(?=.*Expected message and cause: ).*Received message and cause: /s,
+          );
+        });
+
+        test('isNot true, incorrect cause', () => {
+          expect(() =>
+            jestExpect(() => {
+              throw new Error('good', {cause: errorA});
+            })[toThrow](expected),
+          ).toThrow(
+            /^(?=.*Expected message and cause: ).*Received message and cause: /s,
+          );
+        });
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('asymmetric', () => {
     describe('any-Class', () => {
       describe('pass', () => {
diff --git a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/tsconfig.json b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/tsconfig.json
index d603a17f8dfe..6c754376a8c0 100644
--- a/packages/expect/src/__tests__/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/expect/src/__tests__/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 {
   "extends": "../../../../tsconfig.test.json",
+  "compilerOptions": {
+    "lib": ["es2022.error"]
+  },
   "include": ["./**/*"],
   "references": [{"path": "../../"}, {"path": "../../../test-utils"}]
 }
diff --git a/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts b/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
index 99af5807aa10..77eff9008e8b 100644
--- a/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
+++ b/packages/expect/src/toThrowMatchers.ts
@@ -225,14 +225,23 @@ const toThrowExpectedObject = (
   thrown: Thrown | null,
   expected: Error,
 ): SyncExpectationResult => {
-  const pass = thrown !== null && thrown.message === expected.message;
+  const expectedMessageAndCause = createMessageAndCause(expected);
+  const thrownMessageAndCause =
+    thrown !== null ? createMessageAndCause(thrown.value) : null;
+  const pass =
+    thrown !== null &&
+    thrown.message === expected.message &&
+    thrownMessageAndCause === expectedMessageAndCause;
 
   const message = pass
     ? () =>
         // eslint-disable-next-line prefer-template
         matcherHint(matcherName, undefined, undefined, options) +
         '\n\n' +
-        formatExpected('Expected message: not ', expected.message) +
+        formatExpected(
+          `Expected ${messageAndCause(expected)}: not `,
+          expectedMessageAndCause,
+        ) +
         (thrown !== null && thrown.hasMessage
           ? formatStack(thrown)
           : formatReceived('Received value:       ', thrown, 'value'))
@@ -242,22 +251,27 @@ const toThrowExpectedObject = (
         '\n\n' +
         (thrown === null
           ? // eslint-disable-next-line prefer-template
-            formatExpected('Expected message: ', expected.message) +
+            formatExpected(
+              `Expected ${messageAndCause(expected)}: `,
+              expectedMessageAndCause,
+            ) +
             '\n' +
             DID_NOT_THROW
           : thrown.hasMessage
           ? // eslint-disable-next-line prefer-template
             printDiffOrStringify(
-              expected.message,
-              thrown.message,
-              'Expected message',
-              'Received message',
+              expectedMessageAndCause,
+              thrownMessageAndCause,
+              `Expected ${messageAndCause(expected)}`,
+              `Received ${messageAndCause(thrown.value)}`,
               true,
             ) +
             '\n' +
             formatStack(thrown)
-          : formatExpected('Expected message: ', expected.message) +
-            formatReceived('Received value:   ', thrown, 'value'));
+          : formatExpected(
+              `Expected ${messageAndCause(expected)}: `,
+              expectedMessageAndCause,
+            ) + formatReceived('Received value:   ', thrown, 'value'));
 
   return {message, pass};
 };
@@ -447,4 +461,26 @@ const formatStack = (thrown: Thrown | null) =>
         },
       );
 
+function createMessageAndCauseMessage(error: Error): string {
+  if (error.cause instanceof Error) {
+    return `{ message: ${error.message}, cause: ${createMessageAndCauseMessage(
+      error.cause,
+    )}}`;
+  }
+
+  return `{ message: ${error.message} }`;
+}
+
+function createMessageAndCause(error: Error) {
+  if (error.cause instanceof Error) {
+    return createMessageAndCauseMessage(error);
+  }
+
+  return error.message;
+}
+
+function messageAndCause(error: Error) {
+  return error.cause === undefined ? 'message' : 'message and cause';
+}
+
 export default matchers;
diff --git a/packages/expect/tsconfig.json b/packages/expect/tsconfig.json
index 8d7a33c00c62..6e4edc6dc4da 100644
--- a/packages/expect/tsconfig.json
+++ b/packages/expect/tsconfig.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "extends": "../../tsconfig.json",
   "compilerOptions": {
-    "lib": ["es2020", "dom"],
+    "lib": ["es2020", "es2021.promise", "es2022.error", "dom"],
     "rootDir": "src",
     "outDir": "build"
   },