diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 84cb35b41293..e45388058ff2 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 ### Fixes
 
+- `[jest-circus, jest-jasmine2]` Fix error messages for Node's `assert.throes` ([#13322](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13322))
 - `[jest-haste-map]` Remove `__proto__` usage ([#13256](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13256))
 - `[jest-mock]` Improve `spyOn` typings to handle optional properties ([#13247](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13247))
 - `[jest-snapshot]` Throw useful error when an array is passed as property matchers ([#13263](https://github.com/facebook/jest/pull/13263))
diff --git a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/failures.test.ts.snap b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/failures.test.ts.snap
index c570616b4240..4e71842dc24b 100644
--- a/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/failures.test.ts.snap
+++ b/e2e/__tests__/__snapshots__/failures.test.ts.snap
@@ -422,6 +422,8 @@ exports[`works with node assert 1`] = `
   ✕ assert.ifError
   ✕ assert.doesNotThrow
   ✕ assert.throws
+  ✕ assert.throws with different error messages
+  ✕ assert.throws with different error types
   ✕ async
   ✕ assert.fail
   ✕ assert.fail with a message
@@ -795,10 +797,51 @@ exports[`works with node assert 1`] = `
          |          ^
       77 | });
       78 |
-      79 | test('async', async () => {
+      79 | test('assert.throws with different error messages', () => {
 
       at Object.throws (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:76:10)
 
+  ● assert.throws with different error messages
+
+    assert.throws(function)
+
+    Expected values to be strictly deep-equal:
+    + actual - expected
+
+      Comparison {
+    +   message: 'message 1'
+    -   message: 'message 2'
+      }
+
+      78 |
+      79 | test('assert.throws with different error messages', () => {
+    > 80 |   assert.throws(
+         |          ^
+      81 |     () => {
+      82 |       throw new Error('message 1');
+      83 |     },
+
+      at Object.throws (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:80:10)
+
+  ● assert.throws with different error types
+
+    assert.throws(function)
+
+    The "TypeError" validation function is expected to return "true". Received TypeError: SyntaxError: message 1
+
+      89 |
+      90 | test('assert.throws with different error types', () => {
+    > 91 |   assert.throws(() => {
+         |          ^
+      92 |     throw new SyntaxError('message 1');
+      93 |   }, TypeError);
+      94 | });
+
+      at Object.throws (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:91:10)
+      Caught error:
+      SyntaxError: message 1
+      at Object.throws (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:91:10)
+
   ● async
 
     assert.equal(received, expected)
@@ -820,29 +863,29 @@ exports[`works with node assert 1`] = `
       hello
     + goodbye
 
-      78 |
-      79 | test('async', async () => {
-    > 80 |   assert.equal('hello\\ngoodbye', 'hello', 'hmmm');
-         |          ^
-      81 | });
-      82 |
-      83 | test('assert.fail', () => {
+       95 |
+       96 | test('async', async () => {
+    >  97 |   assert.equal('hello\\ngoodbye', 'hello', 'hmmm');
+          |          ^
+       98 | });
+       99 |
+      100 | test('assert.fail', () => {
 
-      at Object.equal (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:80:10)
+      at Object.equal (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:97:10)
 
   ● assert.fail
 
     assert.fail(received, expected)
 
-      82 |
-      83 | test('assert.fail', () => {
-    > 84 |   assert.fail();
-         |          ^
-      85 | });
-      86 |
-      87 | test('assert.fail with a message', () => {
+       99 |
+      100 | test('assert.fail', () => {
+    > 101 |   assert.fail();
+          |          ^
+      102 | });
+      103 |
+      104 | test('assert.fail with a message', () => {
 
-      at Object.fail (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:84:10)
+      at Object.fail (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:101:10)
 
   ● assert.fail with a message
 
@@ -851,14 +894,14 @@ exports[`works with node assert 1`] = `
     Message:
       error!
 
-      86 |
-      87 | test('assert.fail with a message', () => {
-    > 88 |   assert.fail('error!');
-         |          ^
-      89 | });
-      90 |
+      103 |
+      104 | test('assert.fail with a message', () => {
+    > 105 |   assert.fail('error!');
+          |          ^
+      106 | });
+      107 |
 
-      at Object.fail (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:88:10)"
+      at Object.fail (__tests__/assertionError.test.js:105:10)"
 `;
 
 exports[`works with snapshot failures 1`] = `
diff --git a/e2e/failures/__tests__/assertionError.test.js b/e2e/failures/__tests__/assertionError.test.js
index cc5909918e5b..ee9e62c1ed05 100644
--- a/e2e/failures/__tests__/assertionError.test.js
+++ b/e2e/failures/__tests__/assertionError.test.js
@@ -76,6 +76,23 @@ test('assert.throws', () => {
   assert.throws(() => {});
 });
 
+test('assert.throws with different error messages', () => {
+  assert.throws(
+    () => {
+      throw new Error('message 1');
+    },
+    {
+      message: 'message 2',
+    },
+  );
+});
+
+test('assert.throws with different error types', () => {
+  assert.throws(() => {
+    throw new SyntaxError('message 1');
+  }, TypeError);
+});
+
 test('async', async () => {
   assert.equal('hello\ngoodbye', 'hello', 'hmmm');
 });
diff --git a/packages/jest-circus/src/formatNodeAssertErrors.ts b/packages/jest-circus/src/formatNodeAssertErrors.ts
index 4ea53b16c660..75fd0ed17683 100644
--- a/packages/jest-circus/src/formatNodeAssertErrors.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-circus/src/formatNodeAssertErrors.ts
@@ -150,6 +150,14 @@ function assertionErrorMessage(
   }
 
   if (operatorName === 'throws') {
+    if (error.generatedMessage) {
+      return (
+        buildHintString(assertThrowingMatcherHint(operatorName)) +
+        chalk.reset(error.message) +
+        chalk.reset(hasCustomMessage ? `\n\nMessage:\n  ${message}` : '') +
+        trimmedStack
+      );
+    }
     return (
       buildHintString(assertThrowingMatcherHint(operatorName)) +
       chalk.reset('Expected the function to throw an error.\n') +
diff --git a/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/assertionErrorMessage.ts b/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/assertionErrorMessage.ts
index 7c149088f43f..3408af159c92 100644
--- a/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/assertionErrorMessage.ts
+++ b/packages/jest-jasmine2/src/assertionErrorMessage.ts
@@ -111,6 +111,14 @@ function assertionErrorMessage(
   }
 
   if (operatorName === 'throws') {
+    if (error.generatedMessage) {
+      return (
+        buildHintString(assertThrowingMatcherHint(operatorName)) +
+        chalk.reset(error.message) +
+        chalk.reset(hasCustomMessage ? `\n\nMessage:\n  ${message}` : '') +
+        trimmedStack
+      );
+    }
     return (
       buildHintString(assertThrowingMatcherHint(operatorName)) +
       chalk.reset('Expected the function to throw an error.\n') +