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Design Notes

The idea behind piku is that it provides the simplest possible way to deploy web apps or services. Simplicity comes at the expense of features, of course, and this document tries to capture the trade-offs.

Why uWSGI

Using uWSGI in emperor mode gives us the following features for free:

  • Painless Python WSGI and virtualenv integration
  • Process monitoring, restarting, basic resource limiting, etc.
  • Basic security scaffolding, beginning with the ability to define uid/gid on a per-app basis (if necessary)

Application packaging

An app is simply a git repository with some additional files on the top level, the most important of which is the Procfile.

Procfile format

piku recognizes three kinds of process declarations in the Procfile:

  • wsgi workers, in the format dotted.module:entry_point (Python-only)
  • web workers, which can be anything that honors the PORT environment variable
  • worker prcesses, which are standalone workers

So a Python application could have a Procfile like such:

wsgi: module.submodule:app
worker: python long_running_script.py

...whereas a generic app would be:

web: embedded_server --port $PORT
worker: background_worker

Any worker will be automatically respawned upon failure (uWSGI will automatically shun/throttle crashy workers).

ENV settings

Since piku is targeted at 12 Factor apps, it allows you to set environment variables in a number of ways, the simplest of which is by adding an ENV file to your repository:

SETTING1=foo
# piku supports comments and variable expansion
SETTING2=${SETTING1}/bar
# if this isn't defined, piku will assign a random TCP port
PORT=9080

Environment variables can be changed after deployment using config:set.

Runtime detection

piku follows a very simple set of rules to determine what kind of runtime is required:

  1. If there's a requirements.txt file at the top level, then the app is assumed to require Python.
  2. TODO: Go
  3. TODO: Node
  4. TODO: Java
  5. For all the rest, a Procfile is required to determine the application entry points.

Application isolation

Application isolation can be tackled at several levels, the most relevant of which being:

  • OS/process isolation
  • Runtime/library isolation

For 1.0, all applications run under the same uid, under separate branches of the same filesystem, and without any resource limiting.

Ways to improve upon that (short of full containerisation) typically entail the use of a chroot jail environment (which is available under most POSIX systems in one form or another) or Linux kernel namespaces - both of which are supported by uWSGI (which can also handle resource limiting to a degree).

As to runtime isolation, piku only provides virtualenv support until 1.0, and all Python apps will use the default interpreter (Go, Node and Java support will share these limitations in each major version).

Supporting multiple Python versions can be done by deploying piku again under a different Python or using pyenv when building app environments, which makes it a little harder to manage using the same uWSGI setup (but not impossible).

Internals

piku uses two git repositories for each app: a bare repository for client push, and a clone for deployment (which is efficient in terms of storage since git tries to use hardlinks on local clones whenever possible).

This separation makes it easier to cope with long/large deployments and restore apps to a pristine condition, since the app will only go live after the deployment clone is reset (via git checkout -f).