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ChangeLog
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fwknop-2.6.11 (02/06/2024):
- [server] (Amin Massad) Fixed two bugs in PF handling code - one for
indefinitely repeating error messages "Did not find expire comment in
rules list 0" in rule deletion code, and the second where min_exp was
not computed correctly for min_exp equal to zero. See github issue #295.
- [server] Add ALLOW_ANY_USER_AGENT for ENABLE_SPA_OVER_HTTP mode so that
fwknopd will accept any User-Agent string coming from the client. By
default this is disabled, so only SPA packets with a User-Agent string
that begins with 'Fwknop' will be accepted. Just set this variable to
'Y' to override this. Then, on the fwknop client command line, use the
--user-agent option to specify any desired User-Agent string. This
feature was added to close issue #296 reported by github user
@fishcreek.
- [AppArmor] (Francois Marier) Various fixes to the AppArmor profile to
support recent versions of Debian and Ubuntu.
- [test suite] Add gpg.conf and gpg-agent.conf to set 'pinentry-mode
loopback' to restore GPG full cycle tests. This works with GPG 2.2.27 on
Ubuntu 22.04 for example.
- [test suite] Prefer the 'ip' command over the older 'ifconfig' command
for interface operations and loopback detection.
- [test suite] Update the 'spa_fuzzing.py' fuzzer to use Python3.
fwknop-2.6.10 (08/06/2018):
- [server] Add MAX_FW_TIMEOUT to access.conf stanzas to allow a maximum
number of seconds for client-specified timeouts in SPA packets. This
fixes issue #226 which was spotted by Jeremiah Rothschild.
- [server] Bug fix in CMD_EXEC mode to make sure to call exit() upon any
error from execvpe(). Without this fix, additional fwknopd processes
would be started upon a user specifying a command without the necessary
permissions. This bug was reported by Stephen Isard.
- [build] Jérémie Courrèges-Anglas and Ingo Feinerer contributed a patch
to fix endian detection on OpenBSD systems based on information
contained here: https://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_514.txt
- [client/server] (Michael Stair) Added client and server infrastructure
written in Erlang. See the erlang/ directory.
fwknop-2.6.9 (06/08/2016):
- (Jonathan Bennett) Added support for the SHA3 "Keccak" algorithm
(specifically SHA3_256 and SHA3_512) for SPA HMAC and digest checking.
Enabling SHA3 from the fwknop client command line is done with the '-m'
option for the embedded SPA digest, or with the --hmac-digest-type
argument for the HMAC. On the server side, SHA3_256 or SHA3_512 can be
required for incoming SPA packet HMAC'c via the HMAC_DIGEST_TYPE
configuration variable in access.conf stanzas. The SHA3 implementation
is from, Keyak and Ketje Teams, namely, Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen,
Michael Peeters, Gilles Van Assche and Ronny Van Keer - see:
http://keyak.noekeon.org/
- (Damien Stuart) Added support for libnetfilter_queue so that fwknopd can
acquire SPA packets via the NFQ target. This feature is enabled with a
new command line switch '--enable-nfq-capture' for the configure script,
and libpcap is not required in this mode. In support of capturing SPA
packets via the NFQ target, new configuration variables have been added
to the fwknopd.conf file: ENABLE_NFQ_CAPTURE, NFQ_INTERFACE, NFQ_PORT,
NFQ_TABLE, NFQ_CHAIN, NFQ_QUEUE_NUMBER, and NFQ_LOOP_SLEEP.
- (Vlad Glagolev) Added support for deriving the source IP from the
X-Forwarded-For HTTP header when SPA packets are sent over HTTP
connections.
- Bug fix in command open/close cycle feature to ensure that the first
successful match on a valid incoming SPA packet finishes all access.conf
stanza processing. That is, no other stanzas should be looked at after
the first match, and this is consistent with other SPA modes (such as
basic access requests). This bug was reported by Jonathan Bennett.
- (Jonathan Bennett) Various fixes and enhancements to the test suite to
extend code coverage to new code, ensure valgrind bytes lost detection
works for amount of memory less than 10 bytes, better timing strategy
for fwknop client/server interactions, and more.
fwknop-2.6.8 (12/23/2015):
- [server] Added a major new feature that allows fwknopd to easily
integrate with third-party devices and software. This done through the
addition of a generic "command open" and "command close" capability, and
a set of variable substitutions are supported such as '$SRC', '$PORT',
and '$PROTO'. This feature is designed to allow the user to switch out
the default firewall - iptables, firewalld, ipfw, or PF - for something
complete different. For example, here is a write-up on using this feature
to integrate SPA operations with ipset:
https://cipherdyne.org/blog/2015/12/single-packet-authorization-and-third-party-devices.html
- [server] (Jonathan Bennett) Added new access.conf directives
'%include <file>' and '%include_folder <directory>'. This allows more
access stanzas to be defined in other locations in the filesystem, and
this can be adventageous in some scenarios by letting non-privledged
users define their own encryption and authentication keys for SPA
operations. This way, users do not need write access to the main
/etc/fwknop/access.conf file to change keys around or define new ones.
- [server] Bug fix to not send the TCP server a TERM signal even when it is
not running when fwknopd receives a HUP signal.
- [libfko] Bug fix for a crash that could be triggered in
fko_set_username() when a username that is 64 chars or longer is
specified. This crash cannot be triggered in fwknopd even if an SPA
packet contains such a username however due to additional protections in
the SPA decoding routines. Further, this bug does not apply to the main
fwknop client either because the maximal username size is truncated down
below 64 bytes. Hence, this bug only applies to client-side software that
is directly using libfko calling the fko_set_username() function.
- [test suite] Code coverage is now at 90.7% counted by lines. The complete
coverage report for the 2.6.8 release is available here:
https://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/lcov-results/
fwknop-2.6.7 (08/24/2015):
- [server] When command execution is enabled with ENABLE_CMD_EXEC for an
access.conf stanza, added support for running commands via sudo. This was
suggested by Github user 'freegigi' (issue #159) as a means to provide
command filtering using the powerful sudoers syntax. This feature is
implemented by prefixing any incoming command from a valid SPA packet
with the sudo command along with optional user and group requirements
as defined by the following new access.conf variables:
ENABLE_CMD_SUDO_EXEC, CMD_SUDO_EXEC_USER, and CMD_SUDO_EXEC_GROUP.
- [server] Kevin Layer reported a bug to the fwknop mailing list that
simultaneous NAT access for two different access.conf stanza was not
functioning properly. After some diagnosis, this was a result of
rule_exists() not properly detecting and differentiating existing DNAT
rules from new ones with different port numbers when 'iptables -C'
support is not available. This was against iptables-1.4.7, and has been
fixed in this release of fwknop (tracked as issue #162).
- [server] Added --key-gen to fwknopd. This feature was suggested by
Jonathan Bennett, and will help with ease of use efforts. The first
platform to take advantage of this will likely be OpenWRT thanks to
Jonathan.
- [server] By default, fwknopd will now exit if the interface that it is
sniffing goes down (patch contributed by Github user 'sgh7'). If this
happens, it is expected that the native process monitoring feature in
things like systemd or upstart will restart fwknopd. However, if fwknopd
is not being monitored by systemd, upstart, or anything else, this
behavior can be disabled with the EXIT_AT_INTF_DOWN variable in the
fwknopd.conf file. If disabled, fwknopd will try to recover when a
downed interface comes back up.
- [extras] Added a script from Jonathan Bennett at
extras/console-qr/console-qr.sh to generate QR codes from fwknopd
access.conf keys.
- [build] Added --with-firewalld to the autoconf configure script. This is
a synonym for --with-firewall-cmd to avoid confusion. Some package
maintainers use --with-firewalld to build fwknop.
fwknop-2.6.6 (04/23/2015):
- [server] Add the ability for fwknopd to function as an generic SPA
gateway. This allows scenarios such as the fwknopd system providing DHCP
addresses to client systems, but those systems would be blocking by
default from accessing the broader Internet until a valid SPA packet is
sent to the gateway. Two new access.conf variables support this feature:
DISABLE_DNAT (do not build any DNAT rules for forwarded connections) and
FORWARD_ALL (allow all traffic to be forwarded instead of specific
services requested within an SPA packet). So far, this feature is only
supported on systems running iptables or firewalld. The idea was
contributed by "spartan1833" to the fwknop mailing list, and this became
issue 131 on github.
- [server] Bug fix when compiled with --enable-udp-server to not include
pcap.h, which is likely not installed whenever libpcap is also not
installed. This bug was reported by Alexander Kozhevnikov.
- [android] (Dan Brooks) Contributed a patch for the Android client app to
add the definition of custom server udp port. This is similar to the
--server-port argument offered by the main fwknop client.
- [test suite] Handle versions of lcov that don't have the --rc argument
which is normally used to force the creation of branch coverage stats
when code coverage reports are created.
- [build] Add --enable-asan-support to autoconf configure script to enable
Google's Address Sanitizer (ASan) support. This feature is used during
the testing phase for new fwknop releases. Running fwknop under the
complete test suite (and also under AFL) with ASan support compiled in
did not turn up any new bugs.
- [test suite] (Franck Joncourt) Added libfko unit tests with the CUnit
framework.
- [test suite] Set AFL_HARDEN=1 to AFL fuzzing wrapper scripts. This
enables simple memory bug detection in AFL at the cost of a small
performance hit.
fwknop-2.6.5 (12/16/2014):
- [server] (Grant Pannell) Added a new access.conf variable "DESTINATION"
to define the destination address for which an SPA packet will be
accepted. The string "ANY" is also accepted if a valid SPA packet should
be honored to any destination IP. Similarly to the "SOURCE" variable,
networks should be specified in CIDR notation (e.g. "192.168.10.0/24"),
and individual IP addresses can be specified as well. Also, multiple IP's
and/or networks can be defined as a comma separated list (e.g.
"192.168.10.0/24,10.1.1.123").
- [server] Bug fix to ensure that proper bounds are enforced when
importing digest cache files from previous fwknopd executions. This bug
was discovered through fuzzing with American Fuzzy Lop (AFL) as driven
by the test/afl/fuzzing-wrappers/server-digest-cache.sh wrapper.
Previous to this fix, fwknopd could be made to crash through a malicious
digest cache file (normally in /var/run/fwknop/digest.cache) upon
initial import. This crash can only be triggered by a local user on the
system where fwknopd is deployed and who has write permissions to the
digest.cache file - usually only root has these permissions.
fwknop-2.6.4 (11/16/2014):
- [server] Added a UDP server mode so that SPA packets can be acquired via
UDP directly without having to use libpcap. This is an optional feature
since it opens a UDP port (and therefore requires the local firewall be
opened for communications to this port), but fwknopd is careful to never
send anything back to a client that sends data to this port. So, from the
perspective of an attacker or scanner, fwknopd remains invisible. This
feature is enabled in fwknopd either with a new command line argument
--udp-server or in the fwknopd.conf file with the ENABLE_UDP_SERVER
variable. When deployed in this mode, it is advisable to recompile fwknop
beforehand with './configure --enable-udp-server' so that fwknopd does
not link against libpcap.
- [server] Replaced all popen() and system() calls with execvpe() with no
usage of the environment. This is a defensive measure to not make use of
the shell for firewall command execution, and is supported on systems
where execvpe() is available.
- (Gerry Reno) Added support for firewalld to the fwknopd daemon on RHEL 7
and CentOS 7. This is implemented using the current firewalld '--direct
--passthrough' capability which accepts raw iptables commands. More
information on firewalld can be found here:
https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FirewallD
- [server] Added support for the 'American Fuzzy Lop' (AFL) fuzzer from
Michal Zalewski. This requires that fwknop is compiled with the
'--enable-afl-fuzzing' argument to the configure script as this allows
encryption/digest short circuiting in a manner necessary for AFL to
function properly. The benefit of this strategy is that AFL can fuzz the
SPA packet decoding routines implemented by libfko. See the test/afl/
directory for some automation around AFL fuzzing.
- (Bill Stubbs) submitted a patch to fix a bug where fwknopd could not
handle Ethernet frames that include the Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
header. This header is four bytes long, and is placed at the end of each
Ethernet frame. Normally the FCS header is not visible to libpcap, but
some card/driver combinations result in it being included. Bill noticed
this on the following platform:
BeagleBone Black rev C running 3.8.13-bone50 #1 SMP Tue May 13
13:24:52 UTC 2014 armv7l GNU/Linux
- [client] Bug fix to ensure that a User-Agent string can be specified
when the fwknop client uses wget via SSL to resolve the external IP
address. This closes issue #134 on github reported by Barry Allard. The
fwknop client now uses the wget '-U' option to specify the User-Agent
string with a default of "Fwknop/<version>". In addition, a new command
line argument "--use-wget-user-agent" to allow the default wget
User-Agent string to apply instead.
- [python module] When an HMAC key is passed to spa_data_final() then
default to HMAC SHA256 if no HMAC mode was specified.
fwknop-2.6.3 (07/28/2014):
- [client] External IP resolution via '-R' (or '--resolve-ip-http') is now
done via SSL by default. The IP resolution URL is now
'https://www.cipherdyne.org/cgi-gin/myip', and a warning is generated
in '-R' mode whenever a non-HTTPS URL is specified (it is safer just to
use the default). The fwknop client leverages 'wget' for this operation
since that is cleaner than having fwknop link against an SSL library.
- Integrated the 'libfiu' fault injection library available from
http://blitiri.com.ar/p/libfiu/ This feature is disabled by default,
and requires the --enable-libfiu-support argument to the 'configure'
script in order to enable it. With fwknop compiled against libfiu, fault
injections are done at various locations within the fwknop sources and
the test suite verifies that the faults are properly handled at run time
via test/fko-wrapper/fko_fault_injection.c. In addition, the libfiu tool
'fiu-run' is used against the fwknop binaries to ensure they handle
faults that libfiu introduces into libc functions. For example, fiu-run
can force malloc() to fail even without huge memory pressure on the
local system, and the test suite ensures the fwknop binaries properly
handle this.
- [test suite] Integrated a new python fuzzer for fwknop SPA packets (see
test/spa_fuzzing.py). This greatly extends the ability of the test suite
to validate libfko operations since SPA fuzzing packets are sent through
libfko routines directly (indendepently of encryption and
authentication) with a special 'configure' option
--enable-fuzzing-interfaces. The python fuzzer generates over 300K SPA
packets, and when used by the test suite consumes about 400MB of disk.
For reference, to use both the libfiu fault injection feature mentioned
above and the python fuzzer, use the --enable-complete option to the
test suite.
- [test suite] With the libfiu fault injection support and the new python
fuzzer, automated testing of fwknop achieves 99.7% function coverage and
90.2% line coverage as determined by 'gcov'. The full report may be
viewed here: http://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/lcov-results/
- [server] Add a new GPG_FINGERPRINT_ID variable to the access.conf file
so that full GnuPG fingerprints can be required for incoming SPA packets
in addition to the appreviated GnuPG signatures listed in GPG_REMOTE_ID.
From the test suite, an example fingerprint is
GPG_FINGERPRINT_ID 00CC95F05BC146B6AC4038C9E36F443C6A3FAD56
- [server] When validating access.conf stanzas make sure that one of
GPG_REMOTE_ID or GPG_FINGERPRINT_ID is specified whenever GnuPG
signatures are to be verified for incoming SPA packets. Signature
verification is the default, and can only be disabled with
GPG_DISABLE_SIG but this is NOT recommended.
- [server] Bug fix for PF firewalls without ALTQ support on FreeBSD. With
this fix it doesn't matter whether ALTQ support is available or not.
Thanks to Barry Allard for discovering and reporting this issue.
Closes issue #121 on github.
- [server] Bug fix discovered with the libfiu fault injection tag
"fko_get_username_init" combined with valgrind analysis. This bug is
only triggered after a valid authenticated and decrypted SPA packet is
sniffed by fwknopd:
==11181== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
==11181== at 0x113B6D: incoming_spa (incoming_spa.c:707)
==11181== by 0x11559F: process_packet (process_packet.c:211)
==11181== by 0x5270857: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcap.so.1.4.0)
==11181== by 0x114BCC: pcap_capture (pcap_capture.c:270)
==11181== by 0x10F32C: main (fwknopd.c:195)
==11181== Uninitialised value was created by a stack allocation
==11181== at 0x113476: incoming_spa (incoming_spa.c:294)
- [server] Bug fix to handle SPA packets over HTTP by making sure to honor
the ENABLE_SPA_OVER_HTTP fwknopd.conf variable and to properly account
for SPA packet lengths when delivered via HTTP.
- [server] Add --test mode to instruct fwknopd to acquire and process
SPA packets, but not manipulate firewall rules or execute commands that
are provided by SPA clients. This option is mostly useful for the fuzzing
tests in the test suite to ensure broad code coverage under adverse
conditions.
fwknop-2.6.2 (04/28/2014):
- [libfko] fix double free bug in SPA parser discovered with the new
python SPA payload fuzzer (see the 'spa_encoding_fuzzing' branch which
is not merged into the master branch yet). This bug could be triggered
in fwknopd with a malicious SPA payload, but only when GnuPG is used and
when an attacker is in possession of valid GnuPG keys listed in the
access.conf file. In other words, an arbitrary attacker cannot trigger
this bug. Further, when Rijndael is used for SPA packet encryption, this
bug cannot be triggered at all due to an length/format check towards the
end of _rijndael_decrypt(). This bug was introduced in the 2.6.1
development series, and no previous versions of fwknop are affected.
fwknop-2.6.1 (04/12/2014):
- Updated copyright and authorship information to include a standard
header which references both the AUTHORS and CREDITS files. The
specific language in this header was created by the Debian legal team at
the request of Franck Joncourt.
- [server] When GnuPG is used, the default now is to require that incoming
SPA packets are signed by a key listed in GPG_REMOTE_ID for each
access.conf stanza. In other words, the usage of GPG_REQUIRE_SIG is no
longer necessary in order to authenticate SPA packets via the GnuPG
signature. Verification of GnuPG signatures can be disabled with a new
access.conf variable GPG_DISABLE_SIG, but this is NOT a recommended
configuration.
- [libfko] Bug fix to correct a memory leak in GnuPG SPA packet handling
within the gpg_decrypt() function. Here is the specific valgrind leak
record that enabled the bug to be found (note that the new valgrind
suppressions usage was critical for finding this bug among all other
libgpgme memory leaks):
==23983== 1,044 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 7 of 8
==23983== at 0x4C2C494: calloc (in /usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==23983== by 0x4E41D3A: gpg_decrypt (fko_encryption.c:422)
==23983== by 0x4E42520: fko_decrypt_spa_data (fko_encryption.c:626)
==23983== by 0x1155B0: incoming_spa (incoming_spa.c:519)
==23983== by 0x1180A7: process_packet (process_packet.c:211)
==23983== by 0x506D857: ??? (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpcap.so.1.4.0)
==23983== by 0x117865: pcap_capture (pcap_capture.c:270)
==23983== by 0x10F937: main (fwknopd.c:353)
- [libfko] Better SPA packet dumping output to include GnuPG specifics
whenever SPA packets are encrypted/authenticated via GnuPG.
- [server] Validate SPA packet GnuPG signatures with the libfko
fko_gpg_signature_id_match() function instead of server code doing this
independently.
- [client+server] Add --gpg-exe command line argument and GPG_EXE config
variable to ~/.fwknoprc and the access.conf file so that the path to
GnuPG can be changed from the default /usr/bin/gpg path.
- [libfko] Allow usernames that are compatible with Microsoft guidelines as
defined here: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726984.aspx
This allows for greater compatibility between fwknop clients on Windows
(for example that may be deployed with Cygwin) and fwknopd on other
systems. This change was suggested by Gerry Reno, and closes Github
issue #114.
- [client] Minor bug fixes in 'udpraw' mode (normally used for spoofing the
SPA source IP) to set a non-zero source port and to properly set the
length field of the UDP header.
- [test suite] Added valgrind suppressions for gpgme library function
calls.
- [test suite] Added the ability to run the 'lcov' tool against fwknop
when compiled in --enable-profile-coverage mode. This enabled lots of
new tests to be developed for better code coverage.
fwknop-2.6.0 (01/12/2014):
- (Radostan Riedel) Added an AppArmor policy for fwknopd that is known to
work on Debian and Ubuntu systems. The policy file is available at
extras/apparmor/usr.sbin/fwknopd.
- [libfko] Nikolay Kolev reported a build issue with Mac OS X Mavericks
where local fwknop copies of strlcat() and strlcpy() were conflicting
with those that already ship with OS X 10.9. Closes #108 on github.
- [libfko] (Franck Joncourt) Consolidated FKO context dumping function into
lib/fko_util.c. In addition to adding a shared utility function for
printing an FKO context, this change also makes the FKO context output
slightly easier to parse by printing each FKO attribute on a single line
(this change affected the printing of the final SPA packet data). The
test suite has been updated to account for this change as well.
- [libfko] Bug fix to not attempt SPA packet decryption with GnuPG without
an fko object with encryption_mode set to FKO_ENC_MODE_ASYMMETRIC. This
bug was caught with valgrind validation against the perl FKO extension
together with the set of SPA fuzzing packets in
test/fuzzing/fuzzing_spa_packets. Note that this bug cannot be
triggered via fwknopd because additional checks are made within fwknopd
itself to force FKO_ENC_MODE_ASYMMETRIC whenever an access.conf stanza
contains GPG key information. This fix strengthens libfko itself to
independently require that the usage of fko objects without GPG key
information does not result in attempted GPG decryption operations.
Hence this fix applies mostly to third party usage of libfko - i.e.
stock installations of fwknopd are not affected. As always, it is
recommended to use HMAC authenticated encryption whenever possible even
for GPG modes since this also provides a work around even for libfko
prior to this fix.
- [Android] (Gerry Reno) Updated the Android client to be compatible with
Android-4.4.
- [Android] Added HMAC support (currently optional).
- [server] Updated pcap_dispatch() default packet count from zero to 100.
This change was made to ensure backwards compatibility with older
versions of libpcap per the pcap_dispatch() man page, and also because
some of a report from Les Aker of an unexpected crash on Arch Linux with
libpcap-1.5.1 that is fixed by this change (closes #110).
- [server] Bug fix for SPA NAT modes on iptables firewalls to ensure that
custom fwknop chains are re-created if they get deleted out from under
the running fwknopd instance.
- [server] Added FORCE_SNAT to the access.conf file so that per-access
stanza SNAT criteria can be specified for SPA access.
- [test suite] added --gdb-test to allow a previously executed fwknop
or fwknopd command to be sent through gdb with the same command line
args as the test suite used. This is for convenience to rapidly allow
gdb to be launched when investigating fwknop/fwknopd problems.
- [client] (Franck Joncourt) Added --stanza-list argument to show the
stanza names from ~/.fwknoprc.
- [libfko] (Hank Leininger) Contributed a patch to greatly extend libfko
error code descriptions at various places in order to give much better
information on what certain error conditions mean. Closes #98.
- [test suite] Added the ability to run perl FKO module built-in tests in
the t/ directory underneath the CPAN Test::Valgrind module. This allows
valgrind memory checks to be applied to libfko functions via the perl
FKO module (and hence rapid prototyping can be combined with memory leak
detection). A check is made to see whether the Test::Valgrind module
has been installed, and --enable-valgrind is also required (or
--enable-all) on the test-fwknop.pl command line.
fwknop-2.5.1 (07/25/2013):
- [client] Bug fix to reset terminal setting to orignal values after
entering keys via stdin.
- [server] Bug fix to not print pid file existence warning. Reported by
Ilya Tumaykin to the fwknop list.
- [test suite] Bug fix to not run an iptables Rijndael HMAC test on
non-Linux systems.
fwknop-2.5 (07/19/2013):
- ***** IMPORTANT *****: If you are upgrading from an older version of
fwknop, you will want to read the "Backwards Compatibility" section of
the fwknop tutorial available here:
http://www.cipherdyne.org/fwknop/docs/fwknop-tutorial.html#backwards-compatibility
In summary, it is possible to have a mixed environment of fwknop-2.5
clients and/or servers with older client and/or servers, but this
requires some configuration in order to work properly. On the server
side, the directive "ENCRYPTION_MODE legacy" will need to be added to
every access.conf stanza that uses Rijndael and that needs to support
SPA packets from pre-2.5 clients. On the client side when generating
Rijndael-encrypted SPA packets for a pre-2.5 server, the command line
argument "-M legacy" will need to be given. GnuPG operations are not
affected however and don't require the above steps whenever the new HMAC
authenticated encryption feature (offered in fwknop-2.5) is not used.
- Major release of new functionality - HMAC authenticated encryption
support in the encrypt-then-authenticate model for SPA communications.
Supported HMAC digests include MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, and SHA512.
The default is HMAC-SHA256 when an HMAC is used. The HMAC mode is
supported for both Rijndael and GPG encrypted SPA packet data, and
provides a significant security benefit for the fwknopd server since the
HMAC verification is more simplisitic than decryption operations. This
is particularly true for GPG. Beyond this, HMAC authenticated
encryption in the encrypt-then-authenticate mode does not suffer from
things like CBC-mode padding oracle attacks (see the Vaudenay attack and
the more recent "Lucky 13" attack against SSL). HMAC verifications are
performed with a constant time comparison function.
- [libfko] Significant bug fix to honor the full encryption key length for
user-supplied Rijndael keys > 16 bytes long. Previous to this fix,
only the first 16 bytes of a key were actually used in the encryption/
decryption process even if the supplied key was longer. The result was
a weakening of expected security for users that had keys > 16 bytes.
Note that "passphrase" is perhaps technically a better word for
"user-supplied key" in this context since the actual key is generated
with the PBKDF1 key derivation algorithm. This issue was reported by
Michael T. Dean. Closes issue #18 on github.
- [libfko] Added the ability to maintain backwards compatibility with the
now deprecated "zero padding" key derivation strategy in AES mode that
was a hold over from the old perl fwknop implementation. This is NOT
compliant with PBKDF1 and is only brought forward into fwknop-2.5 for
backwards compatibility. Future versions of fwknop will remove this
code altogether since PBKDF1 is now implemented.
- [libfko+server] Ensure that all HMAC, digest, and other comparisons are
done via a dedicated constant_runtime_cmp() function so that a potential
attacker cannot gain any information about fail/success just by mounting
a timing attack. This function always compares two buffers from
beginning to end regardless of whether a difference is detected early on
in the comparison, and this strategy mirrors changes in SSL libraries
such as yaSSL to protect against potential timing attacks. This change
fixes #85 on github which was reported by Ryman.
- [test suite] Added --enable-openssl-checks to send all SPA packets
encrypted via libfko through the OpenSSL library to ensure that the
libfko usage of AES is always compatible with OpenSSL. This ensures
that the fwknop usage of AES is properly implemented as verified by the
OpenSSL library, which is a frequently audited high profile crypto
engine. If a vulnerability is discovered in OpenSSL and a change is
made, then the --enable-openssl-checks mode will allow the test suite to
discover this in a automated fashion for fwknop.
- The fwknop project is using Coverity for source code validation (in
addition to other tools such as the CLANG static analyzer). Many bugs
have been fixed in this release that were discovered by Coverity. These
bugs spanned multiple classes of problems from memory leaks, improper use
of sizeof(), potential double-free conditions, and more. Full details on
these fixes are available in the git history. Any open source project
that is written in a language supported by Coverity would benefit highly
from participating. As of the 2.5 release, fwknop has a Coverity defect
score of zero.
- [test suite] Changed how the test suite interacts with the fwknop client
and server by looking for indications that SPA packets are actually
received. This is done by first waiting for 'main event loop' in fwknopd
log output to ensure that fwknopd is ready to receive packets, sending
the SPA packet(s), and then watching for for 'SPA Packet from IP' in
fwknopd output. This is an improvement over the previous strategy that
was only based on timeout values since it works identically regardless of
whether fwknop is being run under valgrind or when the test suite is run
on an embedded system with very limited resources. Another check is run
for fwknopd receiving the SIGTERM signal to shutdown via 'fwknopd -K',
and that failing, the test suite manually kills the process (though this
should be rarely needed). This change was implemented based on
discussions with George Herlin.
- (Franck Joncourt) Added support for resolving hostnames in various NAT
modes (fixes issue #43 in github).
- (Franck Joncourt) Bug fix in the client for resolving hostnames in '-P
icmp' mode (fixes issue #64).
- (Franck Joncourt) Added support for saving fwknop client command line
arguments via a new options --save-rc-stanza.
- (Franck Joncourt) Added log module support for the client.
- [client] Bug fix for --nat-rand-port mode to ensure that the port to be
NAT'd is properly defined so that the fwknopd server will NAT
connnections to this port instead of applying the NAT operation to the
port that is to be accessed via -A. This change also prints the
randomly assigned port to stdout regardless of whether --verbose mode is
used (since if not then the user will have no idea which port is
actually going to be NAT'd on the fwknopd side).
- (Vlad Glagolev) Submitted an OpenBSD port for fwknop-2.0.4, and this has
been checked in under the extras/openbsd/fwknop-2.0.4 directory.
- (Shawn Wilson) Added better SPA source IP logging for various fwknopd
logging messages. This helps to make it more clear why certain SPA
packets are rejected from some systems.
- [client] Added --get-hmac-key to allow HMAC keys to be acquried from the
specified file similarly to the --get-key option. This is a convenience
only, and the fwknop rc file feature should be used instead since it is
far more powerful.
fwknop-2.0.4 (12/09/2012):
- [client] Misc fixes and the addition of save_args and last command
(.fwknop.last) support on the Windows platform.
- [client] Fixed bug in username determination code where a valid value
could be overrwritten in certain circumstances.
- [server] Added upstart config at extras/upstart/fwknop.conf. This
allows the fwknopd to easily be managed with upstart via commands like
"service fwknop start" and "service fwknop stop".
- [server] (Vlad Glagolev) Submitted a patch to fix ndbm/gdbm usage when
--disable-file-cache is used for the autoconf configure script. This
functionality was broken in be4193d734850fe60f14a26b547525ea0b9ce1e9
through improper handling of #define macros from --disable-file-cache.
- [server] (Vlad Glagolev) Submitted a patch to fix command exec mode
under SPA message type validity test. Support for command exec mode was
also added to the test suite.
- (Vlad Glagolev) Submitted an OpenBSD port for fwknop-2.0.3, and this has
been checked in under the extras/openbsd/ directory.
- [server] Bug fix to allow GPG_ALLOW_NO_PW to result in not also having
to specify a Rijndael key.
- [Android] Added new .properties files to allow the fwknop client to
build and function properly on the latest Android release (4.1.2).
- [client] Added '-P udpraw' to allow the client to send SPA packets over
UDP with a spoofed source IP address. This is in addition to the
original 'tcpraw' and 'icmp' protocols that also support a spoofed
source IP.
- [libfko] Bug fix to check b64_decode() return value to ensure that
non-base64 encoded data is never used. Even though other validation
routines checked decoded results, it is important to discard invalid
data as early as possible. Note too that such invalid data would only
be provided to b64_decode() after proper decryption, so the client must
provide authentic SPA data.
- [libfko] Added validation of NAT access strings in the various NAT
modes.
- [libfko] Restricted usernames embedded in SPA packets to be
alpha-numeric along with "-" chars.
- [client] (Franck Joncourt) Contributed a patch to allow the fwknop
client to be stopped during the password entry prompt with Ctrl-C before
any SPA packet is sent on the wire.
- [client+server] Applied patch from Franck Joncourt to remove unnecessary
chmod() call when creating client rc file and server replay cache file.
The permissions are now set appropriately via open(), and at the same
time this patch fixes a potential race condition since the previous code
used fopen() followed by chmod().
- [server] Bug fix to accept SPA packets over ICMP if the fwknop client
is executed with '-P icmp' and the user has the required privileges.
- [test suite] Applied patch from Franck Joncourt to have the perl FKO
module link against libfko in the local directory (if it exists) so that
it doesn't have to have libfko completely installed in the /usr/lib/
directory. This allows the test suite to run FKO tests without
installing libfko.
- [test suite] Significant update to include a set of fuzzing SPA packets
that are built using a patched version of libfko. These packets are
located in the test/fuzzing/bogus_spa_packets file, and are designed to
ensure proper validation of SPA packet data. This validation is
performed in --enable-perl-module-checks mode via the perl FKO module.
- [client] Added --icmp-type and --icmp-code arguments so the user can
control the icmp type/code combination for spoofed SPA packets ('-P
icmp') mode.
- [client] Updated default TTL value to 64 for spoofed SPA packets. This
is closer to more OS default TTL values than the previous 255.
- Updated build CFLAGS and LDFLAGS to conform to the Debian
hardening-includes file for PIE support (e.g. '-fPIE' for CFLAGS and
'-fPIE -pie' for LDFLAGS).
- [test suite] For GnuPG tests that require a passphrase associated with
a gpg key, added a pinentry check to see if the local gpg engine
requires it. If so, the gpg test that require a key are excluded since.
- [server] Added a new '--pcap-file <file>' option to allow pcap files to
be processed directly by fwknopd instead of sniffing an interface. This
feature is mostly intended for debugging purposes.
- [server] Added chain_exists() check to SPA rule creation so that if any
of the fwknop chains are deleted out from under fwknopd they will be
recreated on the fly. This mitigates scenarios where fwknopd might be
started before a system level firewall policy is applied due to init
script ordering, or if an iptables policy is re-applied without
restarting fwknopd.
fwknop-2.0.3 (09/03/2012):
- [server] Fernando Arnaboldi from IOActive found several DoS/code
execution vulnerabilities for malicious fwknop clients that manage to
get past the authentication stage (so a such a client must be in
possession of a valid access.conf encryption key). These vulnerabilities
manifested themselves in the handling of malformed access requests, and
both the fwknopd server code along with libfko now perform stronger input
validation of access request data. These vulnerabilities affect
pre-2.0.3 fwknop releases.
- [server] Fernando Arnaboldi from IOActive found a condition in which
the server did not properly validate allow IP addresses from malicious
authenticated clients. This has been fixed with stronger allow IP
validation.
- [client+server] Fernando Arnaboldi from IOActive found that strict
filesystem permissions for various fwknop files are not verified. Added
warnings whenever permissions are not strict enough, and ensured that
files created by the fwknop client and server are only set to user
read/write.
- [client] Fernando Arnaboldi from IOActive found a local buffer overflow
in --last processing with a maliciously constructed ~/.fwknop.run file.
This has been fixed with proper validation of .fwknop.run arguments.
- [server] Fernando Arnaboldi from IOActive found several conditions in
which the server did not properly throw out maliciously constructed
variables in the access.conf file. This has been fixed along with new
fuzzing tests in the test suite.
- [test suite] Added a new fuzzing capability to ensure proper server-side
input validation. Fuzzing data is constructed with modified fwknop
client code that is designed to emulate malicious behavior.
- Fixed RPM builds by including the $(DESTDIR) prefix for uninstall-local
and install-exec-hook stages in Makefile.am.
fwknop-2.0.2 (08/18/2012):
- [server] For GPG mode, added a new access.conf variable
"GPG_ALLOW_NO_PW" to make it possible to leverage a server-side GPG key
pair that has no associated password. This comes in handy when a system
requires the user to leverage gpg-agent / pinentry which can present a
problem in automated environments as required by the fwknopd server.
Now, it might seem like a problem to remove the passphrase from a GPG
key pair, but it's important to note that simply doing this is little
worse than storing the passphrase in the clear on disk anyway in the
access.conf file. Further, this link helps provide additional detail:
https://www.gnupg.org/faq/gnupg-faq.html#automated_use
- [client] In IP resolution mode (-R) changed HTTP connection type to
'close' since there is no need for connection persistence, and indeed the
client expects to just get the IP and the connection to be closed.
Jonathan Schulz submitted a patch for this.
- [client] Bug fix to ensure that all data is read via recv() from a
remote webserver IP resolution mode (-R). Previously IP resolution
could fail if HTTP headers were transferred separately from the data
(for whatever reason). Jonathan Schulz submitted a patch for this.
- [client] Added backup check against a cipherdyne.com 'myip' cgi instance
in -R mode if the normal check against cipherdyne.org fails.
- [server] Bug fix to implement FLUSH_IPT_AT_INIT and FLUSH_IPT_AT_EXIT
functionality. These are enabled by default, and now iptables rules
added by fwknopd can be made persistent by setting these variables to
"N" in the fwknopd.conf file (this is not a recommended setting
however).
[server] Added FLUSH_IPFW_AT_INIT and FLUSH_IPFW_AT_EXIT for ipfw
firewalls to emulate the corresponding functionality that is implemented
for iptables firewalls. This was suggested by Jonathan Schulz.
- [server] Replay attack bug fix to ensure that an attacker cannot force a
replay attack by intercepting an SPA packet and the replaying it with the
base64 version of "Salted__" (for Rijndael) or the "hQ" prefix (for
GnuPG). This is an important fix. The following comment was added into
the fwknopd code:
/* Ignore any SPA packets that contain the Rijndael or GnuPG prefixes
* since an attacker might have tacked them on to a previously seen
* SPA packet in an attempt to get past the replay check. And, we're
* no worse off since a legitimate SPA packet that happens to include
* a prefix after the outer one is stripped off won't decrypt properly
* anyway because libfko would not add a new one.
*/
- [server] Fixed a memory leak bug in the replay attack detection code.
The leak was found with the test suite in --enable-valgrind mode, and
here is the valgrind trace that exposed it:
44 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 2 of 2
at 0x482BE68: malloc (in
/usr/lib/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-x86-linux.so)
by 0x490EA50: strdup (strdup.c:43)
by 0x10CD69: incoming_spa (incoming_spa.c:162)
by 0x10E000: process_packet (process_packet.c:200)
by 0x4862E63: ??? (in /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpcap.so.1.1.1)
by 0x4865667: pcap_dispatch (in /usr/lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpcap.so.1.1.1)
by 0x10DABF: pcap_capture (pcap_capture.c:226)
by 0x10A798: main (fwknopd.c:299)
- [test suite] Added GPG tests for keyrings that have no associated
passphrases.
- [server] Implemented a new check to ensure that the iptables 'comment'
match exists to ensure the proper environment for fwknopd operations.
This check is controlled by the new ENABLE_IPT_COMMENT_CHECK variable,
and was suggested by Hank Leininger.
- [server] 'make install' fix to ensure restrictive permissions on the
/etc/fwknop/ directory and /etc/fwknop/* files. Also updated the 'make
install' step to not overwrite any existing config files in /etc/fwknop/
and instead install new copies from the source tree at
/etc/fwknop/fwknopd.conf.inst and /etc/fwknop/access.conf.inst
fwknop-2.0.1 (07/23/2012):
- [server] Bug fix where the same encryption key used for two stanzas in
the access.conf file would result in access requests that matched the
second stanza to always be treated as a replay attack. This has been
fixed for the fwknop-2.0.1 release, and was reported by Andy Rowland. Now
the fwknopd server computes the SHA256 digest of raw incoming payload
data before decryption, and compares this against all previous hashes.
Previous to this commit, fwknopd would add a new hash to the replay
digest list right after the first access.conf stanza match, so when SPA
packet data matched the second access.conf stanza a matching replay
digest would already be there.
- [server] Updated PCAP_LOOP_SLEEP default to 1/10th of a second (in
microseconds). This was supposed to be the default anyway, but C
Anthony Risinger reported a bug where fwknopd was consuming more
resources than necessary, and the cause was PCAP_LOOP_SLEEP set by
default to 1/100th of a second - this has been fixed.
- [libfko] Added SPA message validation calls to fko decoding routines to
help ensure that SPA messages conform to expected values.
- Bug fix for PF firewalls: updated the PF anchor check to not rely on
listing the PF policy - fwknopd now uses 'pfctl -s Anchor' instead.
- [test suite] Added parsing of valgrind output to produce a listing of
functions that have been flagged - this assists in the development
process to ensure that fwknop is not leaking memory.
- [test suite] Bug fix on Mac OS X systems to account for libfko.dylib path
instead of libfko.so. This fixes the existence check for libfko.
- [test suite] Added tests for --nat-local mode.
- [client] Fixed several minor memory leaks caught by valgrind.
- [libfko] Minor gcc warning fix: fko_decode.c:43:17: warning: variable
'edata_size' set but not used [-Wunused-but-set-variable].
- Updated fwknopd init script for Debian systems (contributed by Franck
Joncourt).
fwknop-2.0 (01/02/2012):
- This is the first production release that has been completely re-written
in C. This brings Single Packet Authorization functionality to all sorts
of machines from embedded devices to large systems. iptables, ipfw, and
pf firewalls are supported by the fwknopd daemon, and the fwknop client
is known to work on most major *NIX environments, the iPhone and Android
operating systems, and Cygwin under Windows.
- Added FORCE_NAT mode to the access.conf file so that for any valid SPA
packet, force the requested connection to be NAT'd through to the
specified (usually internal) IP and port value. This is useful if there
are multiple internal systems running a service such as SSHD, and you
want to give transparent access to only one internal system for each
stanza in the access.conf file. This way, multiple external users can
each directly access only one internal system per SPA key.
- Added two new access.conf variables are added "ACCESS_EXPIRE" and
"ACCESS_EXPIRE_EPOCH" to allow access stanzas to be expired without
having to modify the access.conf file and restart fwknopd.
- Added a new feature to allow an access stanza that matches the SPA source
address to not automatically short circuit other stanzas if there is an
error (such as when there are multiple encryption keys involved and an
incoming SPA packet is meant for, say, the second stanza and the first
therefore doesn't allow proper decryption).
- Bug fix to exclude SPA packets with timestamps in the future that are too
great (old packets were properly excluded already).
- Bug fix to honor the fwknop client --time-offset-plus and
--time-offset-minus options
- Added DNAT mode tests, minor memory leak fix in NAT mode, added fwknopd
check for ENABLE_IPT_FORWARDING variable before attempting NAT access.
- [test suite] Added --diff mode to compare results from one execution to
the next.