-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 99
/
index.html
1711 lines (1354 loc) · 51.1 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!--
THE WISDOM AND/OR MADNESS OF CROWDS
by Nicky Case | apr 2018
- - - - - - - - - - -
FAN TRANSLATION GUIDE:
https://github.com/ncase/crowds#how-to-translate-this-thing
Hello fan-translaters! Thank you so, so much for your help.
I hope you know what you've gotten yourself into.
There's about 3600+ WORDS to translate, including
the Bonus Boxes and References.
To make things easier (or less painful, anyway) I've marked
what needs to be translated and how with big "TRANSLATE" comments.
Ctrl+F for "TRANSLATE" in uppercase to see what needs to be translated!
BUT BEFORE YOU TRANSLATE ANYTHING, DO THIS:
1) Look up the two-letter code of the language you're translating to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_639-1_codes
2) *COPY* index.html, and name the copy [two-letter-code].html
For example: de.html, ar.html, zh.html, etc...
3) Translate *THAT* page. Do NOT modify the original index.html!
And once you're done, go to "translations.txt", and follow the
instructions there to let this game "know" your translation exists.
Good luck, and thanks again!
<3,
~ Nicky Case
-->
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"> <!-- lang="(TRANSLATE: set your language code here, same as the page name!) e.g: es, es-ES, pt-BR, ja, it, fr-CA, de, ..." -->
<head>
<!-- Meta Info -->
<title>The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds</title> <!-- <title>(TRANSLATE this part only)</title> -->
<meta name="description" content="an interactive guide to human networks"/> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta content="text/html;charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<meta content="utf-8" http-equiv="encoding">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="favicon.png">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/" hreflang="en">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/cs.html" hreflang="cs">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/nl.html" hreflang="nl">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/de.html" hreflang="de">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/es.html" hreflang="es-ES">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/fr.html" hreflang="fr">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/it.html" hreflang="it">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/ja.html" hreflang="ja">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/pt.html" hreflang="pt">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/ru.html" hreflang="ru">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/uk.html" hreflang="uk">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/vi.html" hreflang="vi">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/zh-CN.html" hreflang="zh-CN">
<link rel="alternate" href="http://ncase.me/crowds/zh-TW.html" hreflang="zh-TW">
<!-- Sharing -->
<meta itemprop="name" content="The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta itemprop="description" content="an interactive guide to human networks"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta itemprop="image" content="http://ncase.me/crowds/social/thumb.png">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta name="twitter:description" content="an interactive guide to human networks"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ncasenmare">
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ncasenmare">
<meta name="twitter:image" content="http://ncase.me/crowds/social/thumb.png">
<meta property="og:title" content="The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta property="og:description" content="an interactive guide to human networks"> <!-- content="(TRANSLATE this part only)" -->
<meta property="og:type" content="website">
<meta property="og:url" content="http://ncase.me/crowds/">
<meta property="og:image" content="http://ncase.me/crowds/social/thumb.png">
<!-- Styles -->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/index.css?v=7">
</head>
<body>
<!-- THE SLIDESHOW -->
<div id="container">
<!-- Simulation(s) in background -->
<div id="simulations_container">
<div id="simulations"></div>
</div>
<!-- Slideshow: words & buttons -->
<div id="slideshow_container">
<div id="slideshow"></div>
</div>
<!-- Scratch Transition -->
<canvas id="scratch" width="711" height="400"></canvas>
<!-- Skip -->
<div id="skip">skip ></div> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
<!-- Modal -->
<div id="modal_container">
<div id="modal_bg"></div>
<div id="modal">
<div id="modal_close">⨯</div>
<div id="modal_content_container">
<div id="modal_content"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- Navigation: Audio, Contents, Share, Translations -->
<div id="navigation_container">
<div id="sound" mute="no">
<div id="sound_icon"></div>
<span id="sound_on">ON</span> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
<span id="sound_off">OFF</span> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</div>
<div id="sharing">
<a id="fb" target="_blank" href="TODO"></a>
<a id="tw" target="_blank" href="TODO"></a>
<a id="em" target="_blank" href="TODO"></a>
<span id="share_title">
The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</span>
<span id="share_desc">
<!-- TRANSLATOR: keep this on ONE LINE or the social sharing will break! -->
Why do groups of people act smart, dumb, kind, cruel? An interactive guide to human networks: <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</span>
</div>
<div id="navigation">
<!-- The chapters -->
<!-- TRANSLATE all the Chapter names! -->
<div chapter="Introduction">
<span>0</span>
<span>0. Introduction</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Networks">
<span>1</span>
<span>1. Connections</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Simple">
<span>2</span>
<span>2. Contagions</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Complex">
<span>3</span>
<span>3. Complex Contagions</span>
</div>
<div chapter="BB">
<span>4</span>
<span>4. Bonding & Bridging</span> <!-- note: & is html for the "and" sign -->
</div>
<div chapter="SmallWorld">
<span>5</span>
<span>5. It's A Small World</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Conclusion">
<span>6</span>
<span>6. In Conclusion...</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Credits">
<span>7</span>
<span>7. Credits</span>
</div>
<div chapter="Sandbox">
<span>★</span>
<span>★ Sandbox Mode! ★</span>
</div>
<!-- A divider -->
<span class="nav_divider"></span>
<!-- Bonus Notes & References -->
<div modal="bonus">
<span>?</span>
<span>Bonus Boxes!</span> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</div>
<div modal="references">
<span style="margin-top: 7px; font-size: 35px;">*</span>
<span>Links & References</span> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</div>
<div modal="translations">
<span style="margin-top:5px; position:relative;"><span style="
position: absolute;
top: -8px;
left: 6px;
">A</span><span style="
position: absolute;
font-size: 16px;
top: -1px;
left: 16px;
">あ</span></span>
<span>Translations</span> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</div>
<!-- The hover bubble -->
<span id="nav_bubble"></span>
</div>
<div id="translations"></div>
<div id="social"></div>
</div>
<!-- The Pencil -->
<div id="pencil_container">
<canvas id="pencil"></canvas>
</div>
<!-- Preloader -->
<div id="pre_preloader">
<div>loading...</div> <!-- TRANSLATE -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
<!-- - - - - -->
<!-- SCRIPTS -->
<!-- - - - - -->
<script src="js/lib/helpers.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/inobounce.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/minpubsub.src.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/howler.min.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/Key.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/Mouse.js"></script>
<script src="js/lib/Sprite.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Slideshow.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Pencil.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Boxes.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Scratch.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Navigation.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/SimUI.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/SandboxUI.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Modal.js?v=5"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Preloader.js"></script>
<script src="js/slideshow/Translations.js?v=5"></script>
<script src="js/sim/Peep.js?v=2"></script>
<script src="js/sim/Connection.js"></script>
<script src="js/sim/ConnectorCutter.js"></script>
<script src="js/sim/Simulations.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/A_Preloader.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/B_Introduction.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/C_Networks.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/D_Simple_Contagion.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/E_Complex_Contagion.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/F_Bonding_And_Bridging.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/G_Small_World.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/H_Conclusion.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/I_Credits.js"></script>
<script src="js/chapters/J_Sandbox.js?v=2"></script>
<script src="js/main.js"></script>
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - -->
<!-- THE SLIDESHOW'S WORDS -->
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - -->
<!--
This is the bulk of what you need to TRANSLATE!
Translate just the text that's within the <tag></tags>
If you're using a code editor (like Sublime Text https://www.sublimetext.com/),
it should automatically highlight what the text is (usually in white).
-->
<span style="display:none">
<!-- Preloader -->
<words id="preloader_title">
<div style="font-size: 30px;">
<span>the</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 60px;letter-spacing: 4px;">WISDOM</span>
<span style="position:relative;top: -10px;">and/or</span>
<span style="font-size: 60px;">MADNESS</span>
<br>
<span style="position: relative;top: -11px;">of</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size: 100px;line-height: 80px;position: relative;top: -15px; display:block;">CROWDS</span>
</div>
<div style="color:#999">
<!-- TRANSLATE note: comment out the line below... -->
playing time: 30 min • by nicky case, april 2018
<!-- ...and UN-comment + TRANSLATE this line! -->
<!-- by nicky case • translated by [your name] • <a href='.'>original in English</a> -->
</div>
</words>
<words id="preloader_button">
<next></next>
</words>
<words id="preloader_loading">
loading...
</words>
<words id="preloader_play">
let's play! <div class="rarr"></div>
</words>
<!-- Introduction -->
<!--
TRANSLATE note: to make the text stay in a circle, I added lots of <br> breaks.
You may have to re-arrange the <br>'s in order to do your translation.
It shouldn't look too bad if they're slightly off, though!
Also, <b></b> bolds a word/phrase, and <i></i> italicizes a word/phrase.
-->
<words id="intro">
<br><br>
Sir Isaac Newton was pretty sure he was a
<br>
smart cookie. I mean, after inventing calculus and
<br>
a theory of gravity, he should be clever enough to do
<br>
some financial investing, right? Anyway, long story short, he
<br>
lost $4,600,000 (in today's dollars) in the nationwide
<br>
speculation frenzy known as the South Sea Bubble of 1720.
<br><br>
As Mr. Newton later said: <i>“I can calculate the motion of
<br>
heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.”</i>
<next>yeah sucks for him <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="intro_2">
<div style="height:0.5em"></div>
Of course, that's not the only
<br>
time markets, institutions, or entire
<br>
democracies went haywire — the <i>madness</i> of
<br>
crowds. And yet, just when you lose hope in humanity,
<br>
you see citizens coordinating to rescue each other in
<br>
hurricanes, communities creating solutions to problems,
<br>
people fighting for a better world — the <i>wisdom</i> of crowds!
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
<b>But <i>why</i> do some crowds turn to madness, or wisdom?</b> No theory
<br>
can explain everything, but I think a new field of study,
<br>
<b>network science</b>, can guide us! And its core idea is this: to
<br>
understand crowds, we should look not at the <i>individual
<br>
people</i>, but at...
<next>...their <i>connections.</i> <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<!-- Networks -->
<words id="networks_tutorial_start">
<b>Let's draw a network!</b>
Each connection represents a friendship between two people:
</words>
<words id="networks_tutorial_connect">
draw to connect
</words>
<words id="networks_tutorial_disconnect">
scratch to disconnect
</words>
<words id="networks_tutorial_end">
when you're done doodling and playing around,
<next wiggle>let's continue <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="networks_threshold">
Now, social connections are for more than just making pretty pictures.
People <i>look to</i> their social connections to understand their world.
For example, people look to their peers to
find out <b>what % of their friends (not counting themselves)</b> are,
say, binge-drinkers. <icon name="yellow"></icon>
</words>
<words id="networks_threshold_instruction">
<b>Draw/erase connections, and see what happens! <div class="rarr"></div> </b>
</words>
<words id="networks_threshold_end">
<next>cool, got it</next>
</words>
<words id="networks_pre_puzzle">
However, networks can <i>fool</i> people.
Just like how the earth seems flat because we're on it,
people may get wrong ideas about society because they're <i>in</i> it.
</words>
<words id="optional_reading">
<div style="position:absolute; top:5px;">
<i>optional</i> extra bonus notes! ↑
</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:216px; top:10px;">
↓ links and references
</div>
</words>
<words id="networks_pre_puzzle_2">
<bon id="books"></bon>
<br>
For example, a 1991 study<ref id="drunk"></ref> showed that
“virtually all [college] students reported that their friends drank more than they did.”
But that seems impossible!
How can that be?
Well, you're about to invent the answer yourself, by drawing a network.
It's time to...
<next>FOOL EVERYONE <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="networks_puzzle">
<b style="font-size:2em">PUZZLE TIME!</b>
<br>
Fool <i>everyone</i> into thinking
the majority of their friends (50% threshold) are binge-drinkers <icon name="yellow"></icon>
(even though binge-drinkers are outnumbered 2-to-1!)
</words>
<words id="networks_puzzle_metric">
<b>FOOLED:</b>
</words>
<words id="networks_puzzle_metric_2">
out of 9 people
</words>
<words id="networks_puzzle_end">
Congrats! You manipulated a group of students into believing
in the prevalance of an incredibly unhealthy social norm! Good going!
<next wiggle>...uh. thanks?</next>
</words>
<words id="networks_post_puzzle">
What you just created is called The Majority Illusion<ref id="majority"></ref>,
which also explains why people think their political views are consensus,
or why extremism seems more common than it actually is.
<i>Madness.</i>
<bon id="connections"></bon>
But people don't just passively <i>observe</i> others' ideas and behaviors,
they actively <i>copy</i> them.
So now, let's look at something network scientists call...
<next>“Contagions!” <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<!-- Simple Contagions -->
<words id="simple_simple">
<i>Let's put aside the "threshold" thing for now.</i>
Below: we have a person <icon name="red"></icon> with some information.
Some <i>mis</i>information. "Fake news", as the cool kids say.
And every day, that person spreads the rumor, like a virus, to their friends.
And they spread it to <i>their</i> friends. And so on.
<br>
<b>
Start the simulation! <div class="darr"></div>
(p.s: you can't draw <i>while</i> the sim's running)
</b>
</words>
<words id="simple_simple_2">
Note: despite the negative name, "contagions" can be good or bad (or neutral or ambiguous).
There's strong statistical evidence<ref id="contagion"></ref> that
smoking, health, happiness, voting patterns, and cooperation levels
are all "contagious" --
and even some evidence that suicides<ref id="suicides"></ref> and mass shootings<ref id="shootings"></ref> are, too.
</words>
<words id="simple_simple_end">
<next wiggle>well that's depressing <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="simple_cascade">
Indeed it is.
Anyway, <b>PUZZLE TIME!</b>
<br>
Draw a network & run the simulation,
so that <i>everyone</i> gets infected with the "contagion".
<br>
(new rule: you can't cut the <i>thick</i> connections)
</words>
<words id="simple_cascade_end">
<next wiggle>fan-flipping-tastic <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="simple_post_cascade">
This madness-spreading is called an <b>"information cascade"</b>.
Mr. Newton fell for such a cascade in 1720.
The world's financial institutions fell for such a cascade in 2008.<ref id="subprime"></ref>
<br><br>
However: <i>this simulation is wrong.</i>
Most ideas <i>don't</i> spread like viruses.
For many beliefs and behaviors, you need to be "exposed" to the contagion more than just once
in order to be "infected".
So, network scientists have come up with a new, better way to
describe how ideas/behaviors spread, and they call it...
<next wiggle>“<i>Complex</i> Contagions!” <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<!-- Complex Contagions -->
<words id="complex_complex">
Let's bring back "thresholds" and the binge-drinking <icon name="yellow"></icon> example!
When you played with this the first time, people didn't change their behavior.
<br><br>
Now, let's simulate what happens if people start drinking
<i>when 50%+ of their friends do!</i>
<b>Before you start the sim, ask yourself what you think <i>should</i> happen.</b>
<br><br>
<b>Now, run the sim, and see what actually happens! <div class="rarr"></div> </b>
</words>
<words id="complex_complex_2">
<span style="line-height:1.3em; display:block;">
Unlike our earlier "fake news" <icon name="red"></icon> contagion,
this contagion <icon name="yellow"></icon> does <i>not</i> spread to everyone!
The first few people get "infected", because although they're only exposed to one
binge-drinker, that binge-drinker is 50% of their friends. (yeah, they're lonely)
In contrast, the person near the end of the chain did <i>not</i> get "infected",
because while they were exposed to a binge-drinking friend,
they did not pass the 50%+ threshold.
<div style="height:0.75em"></div>
The <i>relative</i> % of "infected" friends matters.
<i>That's</i> the difference between the <b>complex contagion</b> theory<ref id="complex"></ref>,
and our naive it-spreads-like-a-virus <b>simple contagion</b> theory.
(you could say "simple contagions" are just contagions with a "more than 0%" infection threshold)
<div style="height:0.75em"></div>
However, contagions aren't necessarily bad —
so enough about crowd <i>madness</i>, what about...
<next>...crowd <i>wisdom?</i></next>
</span>
</words>
<words id="complex_complex_3">
Here, we have a person <icon name="blue"></icon> who volunteers to... I don't know,
rescue people in hurricanes, or tutor underprivileged kids in their local community, or something cool like that.
Point is, it's a "good" complex contagion.
This time, though, let's say the threshold is only 25% —
people are willing to volunteer, but only if 25% or more of their friends do so, too.
Hey, goodwill needs a bit of social encouragement.
<br><br>
<b>← Get everyone "infected" with the good vibes!</b>
</words>
<words id="complex_complex_3_end">
<span style="line-height:1.3em; display:block;">
<b>NOTE:</b> Volunteering is just <i>one</i> of many complex contagions!
Others include: voter turnout, lifestyle habits,
challenging your beliefs,
taking time to understand an issue deeply — anything
that needs more than one "exposure".
Complex contagions aren't <i>necessarily</i> wise,
but being wise is a complex contagion.
<div style="height:0.75em"></div>
(So what's a real-life <i>simple</i> contagion?
Usually bits of trivia, like, "the possum has 13 nipples"<ref id="possum"></ref>)
<bon id="contagions"></bon>
Now, to <i>really</i> show the power and weirdness of complex contagions, let's revisit...
<next>...an earlier puzzle <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</span>
</words>
<words id="complex_cascade">
Remember this? This time, with a <i>complex</i> contagion <icon name="blue"></icon>, it'll be a bit tougher...
<br>
<b>Try to "infect" everyone with complex wisdom! <div class="darr"></div></b>
</words>
<words id="complex_cascade_feel_free">
(feel free to just hit 'start' and <i>try</i> as many solutions as you want)
</words>
<words id="complex_cascade_end">
<next wiggle>HOT DANG <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="complex_post_cascade">
Now, you may think that you just need to keep adding connections to spread any contagion,
"complex" or "simple", good or bad, wise or mad.
But is that really so? Well, let's revisit...
</words>
<words id="complex_post_cascade_end">
<next wiggle>...another earlier puzzle <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="complex_prevent">
If you hit "start" below, the complex contagion <icon name="blue"></icon> will just spread to everyone.
No surprise there.
But now, let's do the <i>opposite</i> of everything we've done before:
<b>draw a network to <i>prevent</i> the contagion from spreading to everyone! <div class="darr"></div></b>
</words>
<words id="complex_prevent_2">
You see?
While more connections will always help the spread of <i>simple</i> ideas,
<b>more connections can hurt the spread of <i>complex</i> ideas!</b>
(makes you wonder about the internet, hm?)
And this isn't just a theoretical problem. This can be a matter of life...
</words>
<words id="complex_prevent_end">
<next wiggle>...or death. <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="complex_groupthink">
The people at NASA were smart cookies.
I mean, they'd used Newton's theories to get us to the moon.
Anyway, long story short, in 1986,
<i>despite warnings from the engineers</i>,
they launched the <i>Challenger</i>,
which blew up and killed 7 people.
The immediate cause:
it was too cold that morning.
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
The less immediate cause: the managers ignored the engineers' warnings.
Why? Because of <b>groupthink</b><ref id="groupthink"></ref>.
When a group is <i>too</i> closely knit, (as they tend to be at the top of institutions)
they become resistant to complex ideas that challenge their beliefs or ego.
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
So, that's how institutions can fall to crowd madness.
But how can we "design" for crowd <i>wisdom?</i>
In short, two words:
<next>Bonding & Bridging <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<!-- Bonding & Bridging -->
<words id="bonding_1">
← Too few connections, and an idea can't spread.
<br>
Too many connections, and you get groupthink. <div class="rarr"></div>
</words>
<words id="bonding_2">
<b>
Draw a group that hits the sweet spot:
just connected enough to spread a complex idea!
<div class="darr"></div>
</b>
</words>
<words id="bonding_end">
Simple enough!
The number of connections <i>within</i> a group is called <b>bonding social capital</b><ref id="social_capital"></ref>.
But what about the connections...
<next wiggle>...<i>between</i> groups?</next>
</words>
<words id="bridging_1">
As you may have already guessed,
the number of connections <i>between</i> groups is called
<b>bridging social capital</b>.
This is important, because it helps groups break out of their insular echo chambers!
<br>
<b>Build a bridge, to "infect" everyone with complex wisdom:</b>
</words>
<words id="bridging_end">
Like bonding, there's a sweet spot for bridging, too.<ref id="bridge"></ref>
(extra challenge: try drawing a bridge so thick that the complex contagion
<i>can't</i> pass through it!)
Now that we know how to "design" connections <i>within</i> and <i>between</i> groups, let's...
<next wiggle>...do BOTH at the same time!</next>
</words>
<words id="bb_1">
<b style="font-size:2em">FINAL PUZZLE!</b>
<br>
Draw connections within groups (bonding) and between groups (bridging)
to spread wisdom to the whole crowd:
</words>
<words id="bb_2">
Congrats, you've just drawn a very special kind of network!
Networks with the right mix of bonding and bridging
are profoundly important, and they're called...
<next wiggle>“Small World Networks” <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_1">
<i>"Unity without uniformity". "Diversity without division". "E Pluribus Unum: out of many, one".</i>
<br>
No matter how it's phrased,
people across times and cultures often arrive at the same piece of wisdom:
<b>
a healthy society needs a sweet spot of bonds <i>within</i> groups
and bridges <i>between</i> groups.
</b>
That is:
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_2">
Not this...
<br>
(because ideas can't spread)
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_3">
nor this...
<br>
(because you'll get groupthink)
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_4">
...but <i>THIS:</i>
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_5">
Network scientists now have a mathematical definition for this ancient wisdom:
the <b>small world network</b><ref id="small_world"></ref>.
This optimal mix of bonding+bridging describes how
our neurons are connected<ref id="swn_neurons"></ref>,
fosters collective creativity<ref id="swn_creativity"></ref>
and problem-solving<ref id="swn_social_physics"></ref>,
and even once helped US President John F. Kennedy (barely) avoid nuclear war!<ref id="swn_jfk"></ref>
So, yeah, small worlds are a big deal.
</words>
<words id="bb_small_world_end">
<next>ok, let's wrap this up... <div class="rarr"></div> </next>
</words>
<!-- Sandbox -->
<words id="sandbox_caption">
(pst... wanna know a secret?<ref id="sandbox"></ref>)
</words>
<words id="sandbox_contagion">
Contagion:
</words>
<words id="sandbox_contagion_simple">
simple
</words>
<words id="sandbox_contagion_complex">
complex
</words>
<words id="sandbox_color_chooser">
The Contagion's Color:
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_chooser">
Select a tool...
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_pencil">
Draw Network
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_add">
Add Person
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_add_infected">
Add "Infected"
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_move">
Drag Person
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_delete">
Delete Person
</words>
<words id="sandbox_tool_clear">
<b>CLEAR IT ALL</b>
</words>
<words id="sandbox_shortcuts_label">
(...or, use keyboard shortcuts!)
</words>
<words id="sandbox_shortcuts">
[1]: Add Person [2]: Add "Infected"
<br>
[Space]: Drag [Backspace]: Delete
</words>
<!-- Conclusion -->
<words id="conclusion_1">
<div style="font-size: 30px;">
IN CONCLUSION: it's all about...
</div>
<div style="
width: 100%;
position: absolute;
font-size: 88px;
top: 20px;
line-height: 100px; display:block;
">
Contagions & Connections
</div>
<div style="
width: 710px;
position: absolute;
top: 125px;
left: 250px;
">
<b>Contagions:</b>
Like how neurons pass signals in a brain,
people pass beliefs & behaviors in a society.
Not only do we influence our friends,
we also influence our friends' friends, and even our friends' friends' friends!<ref id="three_degrees"></ref>
(“be the change you wanna see in the world” etc etc)
But, like neurons, it's not just signals that matter, it's also...
</div>
<div style="
width: 710px;
position: absolute;
top: 275px;
left: 250px;
">
<b>Connections:</b>
Too few connections and complex ideas can't spread.
Too <i>many</i> connections and complex ideas get crushed by groupthink.
The trick is to build a small world network, the optimal mix of
bonding and bridging: <i>e pluribus unum.</i>
</div>
<div style="
width: 350px;
position: absolute;
top: 410px;
left: 220px;
text-align: center;
color: #999;
">
(wanna make your own simulations?
check out Sandbox Mode, by clicking the (★) button below!)
</div>
<div style="
width: 400px;
position: absolute;
top: 395px;
right: 0px;
text-align: right;
">
So, what about our question from the very beginning?
Why <i>do</i> some crowds turn to...
</div>
<div style="
width: 300px;
position: absolute;
top: 460px;
right: 0px;
">
<next>...wisdom and/or madness?</next>
</div>
</words>
<words id="conclusion_2">
<span style="line-height:1.4em; display:block;">
<div style="height:0.5em"></div>
From Newton to NASA to
<br>
network science, we've covered a lot here
<br>
today. Long story short, the madness of crowds
<br>
is not necessarily due to the <i>individual people</i>, but due
<br>
to how we're trapped in a network's sticky web.
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
That <i>does NOT</i> mean abandoning personal responsibility, for
<br>
we're also the <i>weavers</i> of that web. So, improve your contagions:
<br>
be skeptical of ideas that flatter you<ref id="flatter"></ref>, spend time understanding
<br>
complex ideas. And, improve your connections: bond with similar
<br>
folk, but also build bridges across cultural/political divides.
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
We can weave a wise web. Sure, it's harder than doodling
<br>
lines on a screen...
<next>...but so, so worth it.</next>
</span>
</words>
<words id="conclusion_3">
<i>
“The great triumphs and tragedies of history are caused,
not by people being fundamentally good or fundamentally bad,
but by people being fundamentally people.”
</i>
<br>
<span style="position:relative; top:5px">~</span> Neil Gaiman & Terry Pratchett
<div style="height:0.8em"></div>
<next small><3</next>
</words>
<!-- Credits -->
<words id="credits">
<div style="text-align:center; color:#fff; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 24px; line-height: 27px;">
<span style="color:#777; position:relative; top:5px;">
created by</span>
<div style="font-size: 3em; line-height: 1.0em;">
NICKY CASE</div>