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packages</span></a></div><div class="css-l3rx45"><a class="links__SidebarLink-sc-19vgq0o-3 iPgskl" href="../../using-npm/scripts">scripts<span class="DocLinks__LinkDesc-sc-1vrw6od-0 bNiGAM">How npm handles the "scripts" field</span></a></div></div></div></nav><style data-emotion-css="16vu25q">.css-16vu25q{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;min-width:0;width:100%;}</style><div class="css-16vu25q"><div class="Page__Content-sc-4b62ym-0 gJQTGP documentation"><div><h1 id="npm-exec1" style="position:relative;"><a href="#npm-exec1" aria-label="npm exec1 permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>npm exec</h1>
<h2 id="run-a-command-from-a-local-or-remote-npm-package" style="position:relative;"><a href="#run-a-command-from-a-local-or-remote-npm-package" aria-label="run a command from a local or remote npm package permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Run a command from a local or remote npm package</h2>
<h3 id="synopsis" style="position:relative;"><a href="#synopsis" aria-label="synopsis permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Synopsis</h3>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="bash"><pre class="language-bash"><code class="language-bash"><span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exec</span> -- <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>version<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>args<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exec</span> -p <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>version<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> -- <span class="token operator"><</span>cmd<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>args<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exec</span> -c <span class="token string">'<cmd> [args...]'</span>
<span class="token function">npm</span> <span class="token builtin class-name">exec</span> -p foo -c <span class="token string">'<cmd> [args...]'</span>
npx <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>specifier<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>args<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
npx -p <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>specifier<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> <span class="token operator"><</span>cmd<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">[</span>args<span class="token punctuation">..</span>.<span class="token punctuation">]</span>
npx -c <span class="token string">'<cmd> [args...]'</span>
npx -p <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">[</span>@<span class="token operator"><</span>specifier<span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">]</span> -c <span class="token string">'<cmd> [args...]'</span>
alias: <span class="token function">npm</span> x, npx
-p <span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span> --package<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator"><</span>pkg<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>may be specified multiple <span class="token builtin class-name">times</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
-c <span class="token operator"><</span>cmd<span class="token operator">></span> --call<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator"><</span>cmd<span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>may not be mixed with positional arguments<span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre></div>
<h3 id="description" style="position:relative;"><a href="#description" aria-label="description permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Description</h3>
<p>This command allows you to run an arbitrary command from an npm package
(either one installed locally, or fetched remotely), in a similar context
as running it via <code class="language-text">npm run</code>.</p>
<p>Whatever packages are specified by the <code class="language-text">--package</code> or <code class="language-text">-p</code> option will be
provided in the <code class="language-text">PATH</code> of the executed command, along with any locally
installed package executables. The <code class="language-text">--package</code> or <code class="language-text">-p</code> option may be
specified multiple times, to execute the supplied command in an environment
where all specified packages are available.</p>
<p>If any requested packages are not present in the local project
dependencies, then they are installed to a folder in the npm cache, which
is added to the <code class="language-text">PATH</code> environment variable in the executed process. A
prompt is printed (which can be suppressed by providing either <code class="language-text">--yes</code> or
<code class="language-text">--no</code>).</p>
<p>Package names provided without a specifier will be matched with whatever
version exists in the local project. Package names with a specifier will
only be considered a match if they have the exact same name and version as
the local dependency.</p>
<p>If no <code class="language-text">-c</code> or <code class="language-text">--call</code> option is provided, then the positional arguments
are used to generate the command string. If no <code class="language-text">-p</code> or <code class="language-text">--package</code> options
are provided, then npm will attempt to determine the executable name from
the package specifier provided as the first positional argument according
to the following heuristic:</p>
<ul>
<li>If the package has a single entry in its <code class="language-text">bin</code> field in <code class="language-text">package.json</code>,
then that command will be used.</li>
<li>If the package has multiple <code class="language-text">bin</code> entries, and one of them matches the
unscoped portion of the <code class="language-text">name</code> field, then that command will be used.</li>
<li>If this does not result in exactly one option (either because there are
no bin entries, or none of them match the <code class="language-text">name</code> of the package), then
<code class="language-text">npm exec</code> exits with an error.</li>
</ul>
<p>To run a binary <em>other than</em> the named binary, specify one or more
<code class="language-text">--package</code> options, which will prevent npm from inferring the package from
the first command argument.</p>
<h3 id="npx-vs-npm-exec" style="position:relative;"><a href="#npx-vs-npm-exec" aria-label="npx vs npm exec permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a><code class="language-text">npx</code> vs <code class="language-text">npm exec</code></h3>
<p>When run via the <code class="language-text">npx</code> binary, all flags and options <em>must</em> be set prior to
any positional arguments. When run via <code class="language-text">npm exec</code>, a double-hyphen <code class="language-text">--</code>
flag can be used to suppress npm's parsing of switches and options that
should be sent to the executed command.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npx foo@latest bar --package=@npmcli/foo</code></pre></div>
<p>In this case, npm will resolve the <code class="language-text">foo</code> package name, and run the
following command:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ foo bar --package=@npmcli/foo</code></pre></div>
<p>Since the <code class="language-text">--package</code> option comes <em>after</em> the positional arguments, it is
treated as an argument to the executed command.</p>
<p>In contrast, due to npm's argument parsing logic, running this command is
different:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npm exec foo@latest bar --package=@npmcli/foo</code></pre></div>
<p>In this case, npm will parse the <code class="language-text">--package</code> option first, resolving the
<code class="language-text">@npmcli/foo</code> package. Then, it will execute the following command in that
context:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ foo@latest bar</code></pre></div>
<p>The double-hyphen character is recommended to explicitly tell npm to stop
parsing command line options and switches. The following command would
thus be equivalent to the <code class="language-text">npx</code> command above:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npm exec -- foo@latest bar --package=@npmcli/foo</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="examples" style="position:relative;"><a href="#examples" aria-label="examples permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Examples</h3>
<p>Run the version of <code class="language-text">tap</code> in the local dependencies, with the provided
arguments:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npm exec -- tap --bail test/foo.js
$ npx tap --bail test/foo.js</code></pre></div>
<p>Run a command <em>other than</em> the command whose name matches the package name
by specifying a <code class="language-text">--package</code> option:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npm exec --package=foo -- bar --bar-argument
# ~ or ~
$ npx --package=foo bar --bar-argument</code></pre></div>
<p>Run an arbitrary shell script, in the context of the current project:</p>
<div class="gatsby-highlight" data-language="text"><pre class="language-text"><code class="language-text">$ npm x -c 'eslint && say "hooray, lint passed"'
$ npx -c 'eslint && say "hooray, lint passed"'</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="compatibility-with-older-npx-versions" style="position:relative;"><a href="#compatibility-with-older-npx-versions" aria-label="compatibility with older npx versions permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Compatibility with Older npx Versions</h3>
<p>The <code class="language-text">npx</code> binary was rewritten in npm v7.0.0, and the standalone <code class="language-text">npx</code>
package deprecated at that time. <code class="language-text">npx</code> uses the <code class="language-text">npm exec</code>
command instead of a separate argument parser and install process, with
some affordances to maintain backwards compatibility with the arguments it
accepted in previous versions.</p>
<p>This resulted in some shifts in its functionality:</p>
<ul>
<li>Any <code class="language-text">npm</code> config value may be provided.</li>
<li>To prevent security and user-experience problems from mistyping package
names, <code class="language-text">npx</code> prompts before installing anything. Suppress this
prompt with the <code class="language-text">-y</code> or <code class="language-text">--yes</code> option.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--no-install</code> option is deprecated, and will be converted to <code class="language-text">--no</code>.</li>
<li>Shell fallback functionality is removed, as it is not advisable.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">-p</code> argument is a shorthand for <code class="language-text">--parseable</code> in npm, but shorthand
for <code class="language-text">--package</code> in npx. This is maintained, but only for the <code class="language-text">npx</code>
executable.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--ignore-existing</code> option is removed. Locally installed bins are
always present in the executed process <code class="language-text">PATH</code>.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--npm</code> option is removed. <code class="language-text">npx</code> will always use the <code class="language-text">npm</code> it ships
with.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--node-arg</code> and <code class="language-text">-n</code> options are removed.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--always-spawn</code> option is redundant, and thus removed.</li>
<li>The <code class="language-text">--shell</code> option is replaced with <code class="language-text">--script-shell</code>, but maintained
in the <code class="language-text">npx</code> executable for backwards compatibility.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="see-also" style="position:relative;"><a href="#see-also" aria-label="see also permalink" class="header-link-class before"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="20" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="20"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>See Also</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/run-script">npm run-script</a></li>
<li><a href="../../using-npm/scripts">npm scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/test">npm test</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/start">npm start</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/restart">npm restart</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/stop">npm stop</a></li>
<li><a href="../../cli-commands/config">npm config</a></li>
</ul></div><div class="FoundTypo__Container-sc-1e373sc-0 fMOzaj"><p><span role="img" aria-label="eyes-emoji">👀</span> Found a typo? <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">Let us know!</a></p><p>The current stable version of npm is <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/">here</a>. To upgrade, run: <code class="language-text">npm install npm@latest -g</code></p><p>To report bugs or submit feature requests for the docs, or for any issues regarding the npm command line tool, please post <a href="https://github.com/npm/cli/issues">on the npm/cli GitHub project</a>.</p></div><script>
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