Remove bound metric instruments from the API (new champion)

[MadVikingGod]

@jmacd has become overloaded and asked me to take over #2352 . Because it needs a rebase and a few additions it's easier to start a new PR.

From the original PR:
This demonstrates how much code we can remove by eliminating bound instruments. I believe this is worthwhile and I would rather focus on optimizing the code path for extracting baggage and the performance of RecordBatch(), not individual bound instrument APIs.

Fixes #2351

Changes from #2353:

• Rebased to main to fix a number of lint errors not related to this change
• Added changelog note
• Removed the dead code

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #2399 (cfce36c) into main (b663c7c) will decrease coverage by 0.1%.
The diff coverage is 100.0%.

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main   #2399     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   73.5%   73.3%   -0.2%     
=======================================
  Files        174     174             
  Lines      12273   12187     -86     
=======================================
- Hits        9021    8942     -79     
+ Misses      3013    3007      -6     
+ Partials     239     238      -1     

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
internal/metric/global/meter.go	89.3% <ø> (-0.5%)	⬇️
metric/metric_instrument.go	89.1% <ø> (-1.4%)	⬇️
metric/metrictest/meter.go	94.4% <ø> (-1.8%)	⬇️
metric/sdkapi/noop.go	88.8% <ø> (+27.3%)	⬆️
metric/sdkapi/sdkapi.go	100.0% <ø> (ø)
sdk/metric/sdk.go	80.0% <100.0%> (-0.2%)	⬇️