ImageFont.py

#
# The Python Imaging Library.
# $Id$
#
# PIL raster font management
#
# History:
# 1996-08-07 fl   created (experimental)
# 1997-08-25 fl   minor adjustments to handle fonts from pilfont 0.3
# 1999-02-06 fl   rewrote most font management stuff in C
# 1999-03-17 fl   take pth files into account in load_path (from Richard Jones)
# 2001-02-17 fl   added freetype support
# 2001-05-09 fl   added TransposedFont wrapper class
# 2002-03-04 fl   make sure we have a "L" or "1" font
# 2002-12-04 fl   skip non-directory entries in the system path
# 2003-04-29 fl   add embedded default font
# 2003-09-27 fl   added support for truetype charmap encodings
#
# Todo:
# Adapt to PILFONT2 format (16-bit fonts, compressed, single file)
#
# Copyright (c) 1997-2003 by Secret Labs AB
# Copyright (c) 1996-2003 by Fredrik Lundh
#
# See the README file for information on usage and redistribution.
#

import base64
import math
import os
import sys
import warnings
from enum import IntEnum
from io import BytesIO

from . import Image
from ._deprecate import deprecate
from ._util import is_directory, is_path


class Layout(IntEnum):
    BASIC = 0
    RAQM = 1


def __getattr__(name):
    for enum, prefix in {Layout: "LAYOUT_"}.items():
        if name.startswith(prefix):
            name = name[len(prefix) :]
            if name in enum.__members__:
                deprecate(f"{prefix}{name}", 10, f"{enum.__name__}.{name}")
                return enum[name]
    raise AttributeError(f"module '{__name__}' has no attribute '{name}'")


class _ImagingFtNotInstalled:
    # module placeholder
    def __getattr__(self, id):
        raise ImportError("The _imagingft C module is not installed")


try:
    from . import _imagingft as core
except ImportError:
    core = _ImagingFtNotInstalled()


_UNSPECIFIED = object()


# FIXME: add support for pilfont2 format (see FontFile.py)

# --------------------------------------------------------------------
# Font metrics format:
#       "PILfont" LF
#       fontdescriptor LF
#       (optional) key=value... LF
#       "DATA" LF
#       binary data: 256*10*2 bytes (dx, dy, dstbox, srcbox)
#
# To place a character, cut out srcbox and paste at dstbox,
# relative to the character position.  Then move the character
# position according to dx, dy.
# --------------------------------------------------------------------


class ImageFont:
    """PIL font wrapper"""

    def _load_pilfont(self, filename):

        with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
            image = None
            for ext in (".png", ".gif", ".pbm"):
                if image:
                    image.close()
                try:
                    fullname = os.path.splitext(filename)[0] + ext
                    image = Image.open(fullname)
                except Exception:
                    pass
                else:
                    if image and image.mode in ("1", "L"):
                        break
            else:
                if image:
                    image.close()
                raise OSError("cannot find glyph data file")

            self.file = fullname

            self._load_pilfont_data(fp, image)
            image.close()

    def _load_pilfont_data(self, file, image):

        # read PILfont header
        if file.readline() != b"PILfont\n":
            raise SyntaxError("Not a PILfont file")
        file.readline().split(b";")
        self.info = []  # FIXME: should be a dictionary
        while True:
            s = file.readline()
            if not s or s == b"DATA\n":
                break
            self.info.append(s)

        # read PILfont metrics
        data = file.read(256 * 20)

        # check image
        if image.mode not in ("1", "L"):
            raise TypeError("invalid font image mode")

        image.load()

        self.font = Image.core.font(image.im, data)

    def getsize(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` or :py:meth:`.getlength` instead.

        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.

        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text.

        :param text: Text to measure.

        :return: (width, height)
        """
        deprecate("getsize", 10, "getbbox or getlength")
        return self.font.getsize(text)

    def getmask(self, text, mode="", *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Create a bitmap for the text.

        If the font uses antialiasing, the bitmap should have mode ``L`` and use a
        maximum value of 255. Otherwise, it should have mode ``1``.

        :param text: Text to render.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

                     .. versionadded:: 1.1.5

        :return: An internal PIL storage memory instance as defined by the
                 :py:mod:`PIL.Image.core` interface module.
        """
        return self.font.getmask(text, mode)

    def getbbox(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns bounding box (in pixels) of given text.

        .. versionadded:: 9.2.0

        :param text: Text to render.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

        :return: ``(left, top, right, bottom)`` bounding box
        """
        width, height = self.font.getsize(text)
        return 0, 0, width, height

    def getlength(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        Returns length (in pixels) of given text.
        This is the amount by which following text should be offset.

        .. versionadded:: 9.2.0
        """
        width, height = self.font.getsize(text)
        return width


##
# Wrapper for FreeType fonts.  Application code should use the
# <b>truetype</b> factory function to create font objects.


class FreeTypeFont:
    """FreeType font wrapper (requires _imagingft service)"""

    def __init__(self, font=None, size=10, index=0, encoding="", layout_engine=None):
        # FIXME: use service provider instead

        self.path = font
        self.size = size
        self.index = index
        self.encoding = encoding

        if layout_engine not in (Layout.BASIC, Layout.RAQM):
            layout_engine = Layout.BASIC
            if core.HAVE_RAQM:
                layout_engine = Layout.RAQM
        elif layout_engine == Layout.RAQM and not core.HAVE_RAQM:
            warnings.warn(
                "Raqm layout was requested, but Raqm is not available. "
                "Falling back to basic layout."
            )
            layout_engine = Layout.BASIC

        self.layout_engine = layout_engine

        def load_from_bytes(f):
            self.font_bytes = f.read()
            self.font = core.getfont(
                "", size, index, encoding, self.font_bytes, layout_engine
            )

        if is_path(font):
            if sys.platform == "win32":
                font_bytes_path = font if isinstance(font, bytes) else font.encode()
                try:
                    font_bytes_path.decode("ascii")
                except UnicodeDecodeError:
                    # FreeType cannot load fonts with non-ASCII characters on Windows
                    # So load it into memory first
                    with open(font, "rb") as f:
                        load_from_bytes(f)
                    return
            self.font = core.getfont(
                font, size, index, encoding, layout_engine=layout_engine
            )
        else:
            load_from_bytes(font)

    def __getstate__(self):
        return [self.path, self.size, self.index, self.encoding, self.layout_engine]

    def __setstate__(self, state):
        path, size, index, encoding, layout_engine = state
        self.__init__(path, size, index, encoding, layout_engine)

    def _multiline_split(self, text):
        split_character = "\n" if isinstance(text, str) else b"\n"
        return text.split(split_character)

    def getname(self):
        """
        :return: A tuple of the font family (e.g. Helvetica) and the font style
            (e.g. Bold)
        """
        return self.font.family, self.font.style

    def getmetrics(self):
        """
        :return: A tuple of the font ascent (the distance from the baseline to
            the highest outline point) and descent (the distance from the
            baseline to the lowest outline point, a negative value)
        """
        return self.font.ascent, self.font.descent

    def getlength(self, text, mode="", direction=None, features=None, language=None):
        """
        Returns length (in pixels with 1/64 precision) of given text when rendered
        in font with provided direction, features, and language.

        This is the amount by which following text should be offset.
        Text bounding box may extend past the length in some fonts,
        e.g. when using italics or accents.

        The result is returned as a float; it is a whole number if using basic layout.

        Note that the sum of two lengths may not equal the length of a concatenated
        string due to kerning. If you need to adjust for kerning, include the following
        character and subtract its length.

        For example, instead of

        .. code-block:: python

          hello = font.getlength("Hello")
          world = font.getlength("World")
          hello_world = hello + world  # not adjusted for kerning
          assert hello_world == font.getlength("HelloWorld")  # may fail

        use

        .. code-block:: python

          hello = font.getlength("HelloW") - font.getlength("W")  # adjusted for kerning
          world = font.getlength("World")
          hello_world = hello + world  # adjusted for kerning
          assert hello_world == font.getlength("HelloWorld")  # True

        or disable kerning with (requires libraqm)

        .. code-block:: python

          hello = draw.textlength("Hello", font, features=["-kern"])
          world = draw.textlength("World", font, features=["-kern"])
          hello_world = hello + world  # kerning is disabled, no need to adjust
          assert hello_world == draw.textlength("HelloWorld", font, features=["-kern"])

        .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param text: Text to measure.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

        :return: Width for horizontal, height for vertical text.
        """
        return self.font.getlength(text, mode, direction, features, language) / 64

    def getbbox(
        self,
        text,
        mode="",
        direction=None,
        features=None,
        language=None,
        stroke_width=0,
        anchor=None,
    ):
        """
        Returns bounding box (in pixels) of given text relative to given anchor
        when rendered in font with provided direction, features, and language.

        Use :py:meth:`getlength()` to get the offset of following text with
        1/64 pixel precision. The bounding box includes extra margins for
        some fonts, e.g. italics or accents.

        .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param text: Text to render.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.

        :param anchor:  The text anchor alignment. Determines the relative location of
                        the anchor to the text. The default alignment is top left.
                        See :ref:`text-anchors` for valid values.

        :return: ``(left, top, right, bottom)`` bounding box
        """
        size, offset = self.font.getsize(
            text, mode, direction, features, language, anchor
        )
        left, top = offset[0] - stroke_width, offset[1] - stroke_width
        width, height = size[0] + 2 * stroke_width, size[1] + 2 * stroke_width
        return left, top, left + width, top + height

    def getsize(
        self,
        text,
        direction=None,
        features=None,
        language=None,
        stroke_width=0,
    ):
        """
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`getlength()` to measure the offset of following text with
        1/64 pixel precision.
        Use :py:meth:`getbbox()` to get the exact bounding box based on an anchor.

        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.

        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text if rendered in font with
        provided direction, features, and language.

        .. note:: For historical reasons this function measures text height from
            the ascender line instead of the top, see :ref:`text-anchors`.
            If you wish to measure text height from the top, it is recommended
            to use the bottom value of :meth:`getbbox` with ``anchor='lt'`` instead.

        :param text: Text to measure.

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

                          .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.0.0

        :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

        :return: (width, height)
        """
        deprecate("getsize", 10, "getbbox or getlength")
        # vertical offset is added for historical reasons
        # see https://github.com/python-pillow/Pillow/pull/4910#discussion_r486682929
        size, offset = self.font.getsize(text, "L", direction, features, language)
        return (
            size[0] + stroke_width * 2,
            size[1] + stroke_width * 2 + offset[1],
        )

    def getsize_multiline(
        self,
        text,
        direction=None,
        spacing=4,
        features=None,
        language=None,
        stroke_width=0,
    ):
        """
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`.ImageDraw.multiline_textbbox` instead.

        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.

        Returns width and height (in pixels) of given text if rendered in font
        with provided direction, features, and language, while respecting
        newline characters.

        :param text: Text to measure.

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

        :param spacing: The vertical gap between lines, defaulting to 4 pixels.

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.0.0

        :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

        :return: (width, height)
        """
        deprecate("getsize_multiline", 10, "ImageDraw.multiline_textbbox")
        max_width = 0
        lines = self._multiline_split(text)
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
            line_spacing = self.getsize("A", stroke_width=stroke_width)[1] + spacing
            for line in lines:
                line_width, line_height = self.getsize(
                    line, direction, features, language, stroke_width
                )
                max_width = max(max_width, line_width)

        return max_width, len(lines) * line_spacing - spacing

    def getoffset(self, text):
        """
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` instead.

        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.

        Returns the offset of given text. This is the gap between the
        starting coordinate and the first marking. Note that this gap is
        included in the result of :py:func:`~PIL.ImageFont.FreeTypeFont.getsize`.

        :param text: Text to measure.

        :return: A tuple of the x and y offset
        """
        deprecate("getoffset", 10, "getbbox")
        return self.font.getsize(text)[1]

    def getmask(
        self,
        text,
        mode="",
        direction=None,
        features=None,
        language=None,
        stroke_width=0,
        anchor=None,
        ink=0,
        start=None,
    ):
        """
        Create a bitmap for the text.

        If the font uses antialiasing, the bitmap should have mode ``L`` and use a
        maximum value of 255. If the font has embedded color data, the bitmap
        should have mode ``RGBA``. Otherwise, it should have mode ``1``.

        :param text: Text to render.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

                     .. versionadded:: 1.1.5

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

                          .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.0.0

        :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

        :param anchor:  The text anchor alignment. Determines the relative location of
                        the anchor to the text. The default alignment is top left.
                        See :ref:`text-anchors` for valid values.

                         .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param ink: Foreground ink for rendering in RGBA mode.

                         .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param start: Tuple of horizontal and vertical offset, as text may render
                      differently when starting at fractional coordinates.

                         .. versionadded:: 9.4.0

        :return: An internal PIL storage memory instance as defined by the
                 :py:mod:`PIL.Image.core` interface module.
        """
        return self.getmask2(
            text,
            mode,
            direction=direction,
            features=features,
            language=language,
            stroke_width=stroke_width,
            anchor=anchor,
            ink=ink,
            start=start,
        )[0]

    def getmask2(
        self,
        text,
        mode="",
        fill=_UNSPECIFIED,
        direction=None,
        features=None,
        language=None,
        stroke_width=0,
        anchor=None,
        ink=0,
        start=None,
        *args,
        **kwargs,
    ):
        """
        Create a bitmap for the text.

        If the font uses antialiasing, the bitmap should have mode ``L`` and use a
        maximum value of 255. If the font has embedded color data, the bitmap
        should have mode ``RGBA``. Otherwise, it should have mode ``1``.

        :param text: Text to render.
        :param mode: Used by some graphics drivers to indicate what mode the
                     driver prefers; if empty, the renderer may return either
                     mode. Note that the mode is always a string, to simplify
                     C-level implementations.

                     .. versionadded:: 1.1.5

        :param fill: Optional fill function. By default, an internal Pillow function
                     will be used.

                     Deprecated. This parameter will be removed in Pillow 10
                     (2023-07-01).

        :param direction: Direction of the text. It can be 'rtl' (right to
                          left), 'ltr' (left to right) or 'ttb' (top to bottom).
                          Requires libraqm.

                          .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param features: A list of OpenType font features to be used during text
                         layout. This is usually used to turn on optional
                         font features that are not enabled by default,
                         for example 'dlig' or 'ss01', but can be also
                         used to turn off default font features for
                         example '-liga' to disable ligatures or '-kern'
                         to disable kerning.  To get all supported
                         features, see
                         https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/typography/opentype/spec/featurelist
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 4.2.0

        :param language: Language of the text. Different languages may use
                         different glyph shapes or ligatures. This parameter tells
                         the font which language the text is in, and to apply the
                         correct substitutions as appropriate, if available.
                         It should be a `BCP 47 language code
                         <https://www.w3.org/International/articles/language-tags/>`_
                         Requires libraqm.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.0.0

        :param stroke_width: The width of the text stroke.

                         .. versionadded:: 6.2.0

        :param anchor:  The text anchor alignment. Determines the relative location of
                        the anchor to the text. The default alignment is top left.
                        See :ref:`text-anchors` for valid values.

                         .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param ink: Foreground ink for rendering in RGBA mode.

                         .. versionadded:: 8.0.0

        :param start: Tuple of horizontal and vertical offset, as text may render
                      differently when starting at fractional coordinates.

                         .. versionadded:: 9.4.0

        :return: A tuple of an internal PIL storage memory instance as defined by the
                 :py:mod:`PIL.Image.core` interface module, and the text offset, the
                 gap between the starting coordinate and the first marking
        """
        if fill is _UNSPECIFIED:
            fill = Image.core.fill
        else:
            deprecate("fill", 10)
        size, offset = self.font.getsize(
            text, mode, direction, features, language, anchor
        )
        if start is None:
            start = (0, 0)
        size = tuple(math.ceil(size[i] + stroke_width * 2 + start[i]) for i in range(2))
        offset = offset[0] - stroke_width, offset[1] - stroke_width
        Image._decompression_bomb_check(size)
        im = fill("RGBA" if mode == "RGBA" else "L", size, 0)
        self.font.render(
            text,
            im.id,
            mode,
            direction,
            features,
            language,
            stroke_width,
            ink,
            start[0],
            start[1],
        )
        return im, offset

    def font_variant(
        self, font=None, size=None, index=None, encoding=None, layout_engine=None
    ):
        """
        Create a copy of this FreeTypeFont object,
        using any specified arguments to override the settings.

        Parameters are identical to the parameters used to initialize this
        object.

        :return: A FreeTypeFont object.
        """
        if font is None:
            try:
                font = BytesIO(self.font_bytes)
            except AttributeError:
                font = self.path
        return FreeTypeFont(
            font=font,
            size=self.size if size is None else size,
            index=self.index if index is None else index,
            encoding=self.encoding if encoding is None else encoding,
            layout_engine=layout_engine or self.layout_engine,
        )

    def get_variation_names(self):
        """
        :returns: A list of the named styles in a variation font.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
        try:
            names = self.font.getvarnames()
        except AttributeError as e:
            raise NotImplementedError("FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required") from e
        return [name.replace(b"\x00", b"") for name in names]

    def set_variation_by_name(self, name):
        """
        :param name: The name of the style.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
        names = self.get_variation_names()
        if not isinstance(name, bytes):
            name = name.encode()
        index = names.index(name) + 1

        if index == getattr(self, "_last_variation_index", None):
            # When the same name is set twice in a row,
            # there is an 'unknown freetype error'
            # https://savannah.nongnu.org/bugs/?56186
            return
        self._last_variation_index = index

        self.font.setvarname(index)

    def get_variation_axes(self):
        """
        :returns: A list of the axes in a variation font.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
        try:
            axes = self.font.getvaraxes()
        except AttributeError as e:
            raise NotImplementedError("FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required") from e
        for axis in axes:
            axis["name"] = axis["name"].replace(b"\x00", b"")
        return axes

    def set_variation_by_axes(self, axes):
        """
        :param axes: A list of values for each axis.
        :exception OSError: If the font is not a variation font.
        """
        try:
            self.font.setvaraxes(axes)
        except AttributeError as e:
            raise NotImplementedError("FreeType 2.9.1 or greater is required") from e


class TransposedFont:
    """Wrapper for writing rotated or mirrored text"""

    def __init__(self, font, orientation=None):
        """
        Wrapper that creates a transposed font from any existing font
        object.

        :param font: A font object.
        :param orientation: An optional orientation.  If given, this should
            be one of Image.Transpose.FLIP_LEFT_RIGHT, Image.Transpose.FLIP_TOP_BOTTOM,
            Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90, Image.Transpose.ROTATE_180, or
            Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270.
        """
        self.font = font
        self.orientation = orientation  # any 'transpose' argument, or None

    def getsize(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        """
        .. deprecated:: 9.2.0

        Use :py:meth:`.getbbox` or :py:meth:`.getlength` instead.

        See :ref:`deprecations <Font size and offset methods>` for more information.
        """
        deprecate("getsize", 10, "getbbox or getlength")
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
            w, h = self.font.getsize(text)
        if self.orientation in (Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90, Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270):
            return h, w
        return w, h

    def getmask(self, text, mode="", *args, **kwargs):
        im = self.font.getmask(text, mode, *args, **kwargs)
        if self.orientation is not None:
            return im.transpose(self.orientation)
        return im

    def getbbox(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        # TransposedFont doesn't support getmask2, move top-left point to (0, 0)
        # this has no effect on ImageFont and simulates anchor="lt" for FreeTypeFont
        left, top, right, bottom = self.font.getbbox(text, *args, **kwargs)
        width = right - left
        height = bottom - top
        if self.orientation in (Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90, Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270):
            return 0, 0, height, width
        return 0, 0, width, height

    def getlength(self, text, *args, **kwargs):
        if self.orientation in (Image.Transpose.ROTATE_90, Image.Transpose.ROTATE_270):
            raise ValueError(
                "text length is undefined for text rotated by 90 or 270 degrees"
            )
        return self.font.getlength(text, *args, **kwargs)


def load(filename):
    """
    Load a font file.  This function loads a font object from the given
    bitmap font file, and returns the corresponding font object.

    :param filename: Name of font file.
    :return: A font object.
    :exception OSError: If the file could not be read.
    """
    f = ImageFont()
    f._load_pilfont(filename)
    return f


def truetype(font=None, size=10, index=0, encoding="", layout_engine=None):
    """
    Load a TrueType or OpenType font from a file or file-like object,
    and create a font object.
    This function loads a font object from the given file or file-like
    object, and creates a font object for a font of the given size.

    Pillow uses FreeType to open font files. On Windows, be aware that FreeType
    will keep the file open as long as the FreeTypeFont object exists. Windows
    limits the number of files that can be open in C at once to 512, so if many
    fonts are opened simultaneously and that limit is approached, an
    ``OSError`` may be thrown, reporting that FreeType "cannot open resource".
    A workaround would be to copy the file(s) into memory, and open that instead.

    This function requires the _imagingft service.

    :param font: A filename or file-like object containing a TrueType font.
                 If the file is not found in this filename, the loader may also
                 search in other directories, such as the :file:`fonts/`
                 directory on Windows or :file:`/Library/Fonts/`,
                 :file:`/System/Library/Fonts/` and :file:`~/Library/Fonts/` on
                 macOS.

    :param size: The requested size, in pixels.
    :param index: Which font face to load (default is first available face).
    :param encoding: Which font encoding to use (default is Unicode). Possible
                     encodings include (see the FreeType documentation for more
                     information):

                     * "unic" (Unicode)
                     * "symb" (Microsoft Symbol)
                     * "ADOB" (Adobe Standard)
                     * "ADBE" (Adobe Expert)
                     * "ADBC" (Adobe Custom)
                     * "armn" (Apple Roman)
                     * "sjis" (Shift JIS)
                     * "gb  " (PRC)
                     * "big5"
                     * "wans" (Extended Wansung)
                     * "joha" (Johab)
                     * "lat1" (Latin-1)

                     This specifies the character set to use. It does not alter the
                     encoding of any text provided in subsequent operations.
    :param layout_engine: Which layout engine to use, if available:
                     :data:`.ImageFont.Layout.BASIC` or :data:`.ImageFont.Layout.RAQM`.
                     If it is available, Raqm layout will be used by default.
                     Otherwise, basic layout will be used.

                     Raqm layout is recommended for all non-English text. If Raqm layout
                     is not required, basic layout will have better performance.

                     You can check support for Raqm layout using
                     :py:func:`PIL.features.check_feature` with ``feature="raqm"``.

                     .. versionadded:: 4.2.0
    :return: A font object.
    :exception OSError: If the file could not be read.
    """

    def freetype(font):
        return FreeTypeFont(font, size, index, encoding, layout_engine)

    try:
        return freetype(font)
    except OSError:
        if not is_path(font):
            raise
        ttf_filename = os.path.basename(font)

        dirs = []
        if sys.platform == "win32":
            # check the windows font repository
            # NOTE: must use uppercase WINDIR, to work around bugs in
            # 1.5.2's os.environ.get()
            windir = os.environ.get("WINDIR")
            if windir:
                dirs.append(os.path.join(windir, "fonts"))
        elif sys.platform in ("linux", "linux2"):
            lindirs = os.environ.get("XDG_DATA_DIRS", "")
            if not lindirs:
                # According to the freedesktop spec, XDG_DATA_DIRS should
                # default to /usr/share
                lindirs = "/usr/share"
            dirs += [os.path.join(lindir, "fonts") for lindir in lindirs.split(":")]
        elif sys.platform == "darwin":
            dirs += [
                "/Library/Fonts",
                "/System/Library/Fonts",
                os.path.expanduser("~/Library/Fonts"),
            ]

        ext = os.path.splitext(ttf_filename)[1]
        first_font_with_a_different_extension = None
        for directory in dirs:
            for walkroot, walkdir, walkfilenames in os.walk(directory):
                for walkfilename in walkfilenames:
                    if ext and walkfilename == ttf_filename:
                        return freetype(os.path.join(walkroot, walkfilename))
                    elif not ext and os.path.splitext(walkfilename)[0] == ttf_filename:
                        fontpath = os.path.join(walkroot, walkfilename)
                        if os.path.splitext(fontpath)[1] == ".ttf":
                            return freetype(fontpath)
                        if not ext and first_font_with_a_different_extension is None:
                            first_font_with_a_different_extension = fontpath
        if first_font_with_a_different_extension:
            return freetype(first_font_with_a_different_extension)
        raise


def load_path(filename):
    """
    Load font file. Same as :py:func:`~PIL.ImageFont.load`, but searches for a
    bitmap font along the Python path.

    :param filename: Name of font file.
    :return: A font object.
    :exception OSError: If the file could not be read.
    """
    for directory in sys.path:
        if is_directory(directory):
            if not isinstance(filename, str):
                filename = filename.decode("utf-8")
            try:
                return load(os.path.join(directory, filename))
            except OSError:
                pass
    raise OSError("cannot find font file")


def load_default():
    """Load a "better than nothing" default font.

    .. versionadded:: 1.1.4

    :return: A font object.
    """
    f = ImageFont()
    f._load_pilfont_data(
        # courB08
        BytesIO(
            base64.b64decode(
                b"""
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AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAYAAAAA//8AAQAAAAAAAAABAAEA
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            )
        ),
        Image.open(
            BytesIO(
                base64.b64decode(
                    b"""
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w7IkEbzhVQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==
"""
                )
            )
        ),
    )
    return f