[v23.2.x] [dt] add retries to remote curl call

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #18387 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18387-v23.2.x-508
git cherry-pick -x f236b110b357f8317a2920c0630178e9fa6ff420

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18387-v23.2.x-508
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] [dt] add retries to remote curl call" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18387-v23.2.x-508" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18387 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-2913](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2913)

[CORE-2913]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2913?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ