:mod:`sphinx.ext.doctest` -- Test snippets in the documentation

.. module:: sphinx.ext.doctest
   :synopsis: Test snippets in the documentation.

.. index:: pair: automatic; testing
           single: doctest
           pair: testing; snippets

It is often helpful to include snippets of code in your documentation and demonstrate the results of executing them. But it is important to ensure that the documentation stays up-to-date with the code.

This extension allows you to test such code snippets in the documentation in a natural way. If you mark the code blocks as shown here, the doctest builder will collect them and run them as doctest tests.

Within each document, you can assign each snippet to a group. Each group consists of:

zero or more setup code blocks (e.g. importing the module to test)
one or more test blocks

When building the docs with the doctest builder, groups are collected for each document and run one after the other, first executing setup code blocks, then the test blocks in the order they appear in the file.

There are two kinds of test blocks:

doctest-style blocks mimic interactive sessions by interleaving Python code (including the interpreter prompt) and output.
code-output-style blocks consist of an ordinary piece of Python code, and optionally, a piece of output for that code.

Directives

The group argument below is interpreted as follows: if it is empty, the block is assigned to the group named default. If it is *, the block is assigned to all groups (including the default group). Otherwise, it must be a comma-separated list of group names.

.. rst:directive:: .. testsetup:: [group]

   A setup code block.  This code is not shown in the output for other builders,
   but executed before the doctests of the group(s) it belongs to.

.. rst:directive:: .. testcleanup:: [group]

   A cleanup code block.  This code is not shown in the output for other
   builders, but executed after the doctests of the group(s) it belongs to.

   .. versionadded:: 1.1

.. rst:directive:: .. doctest:: [group]

   A doctest-style code block.  You can use standard :mod:`doctest` flags for
   controlling how actual output is compared with what you give as output.  The
   default set of flags is specified by the :confval:`doctest_default_flags`
   configuration variable.

   This directive supports five options:

   * ``hide``, a flag option, hides the doctest block in other builders.  By
     default it is shown as a highlighted doctest block.

   * ``options``, a string option, can be used to give a comma-separated list of
     doctest flags that apply to each example in the tests.  (You still can give
     explicit flags per example, with doctest comments, but they will show up in
     other builders too.)

   * ``pyversion``, a string option, can be used to specify the required Python
     version for the example to be tested. For instance, in the following case
     the example will be tested only for Python versions greater than 3.3::

         .. doctest::
            :pyversion: > 3.3

     The following operands are supported:

     * ``~=``: Compatible release clause
     * ``==``: Version matching clause
     * ``!=``: Version exclusion clause
     * ``<=``, ``>=``: Inclusive ordered comparison clause
     * ``<``, ``>``: Exclusive ordered comparison clause
     * ``===``: Arbitrary equality clause.

     ``pyversion`` option is followed `PEP-440: Version Specifiers
     <https://peps.python.org/pep-0440/#version-specifiers>`__.

     .. versionadded:: 1.6

     .. versionchanged:: 1.7

        Supported PEP-440 operands and notations

   * ``trim-doctest-flags`` and ``no-trim-doctest-flags``, a flag option,
     doctest flags (comments looking like ``# doctest: FLAG, ...``) at the
     ends of lines and ``<BLANKLINE>`` markers are removed (or not removed)
     individually.  Default is ``trim-doctest-flags``.

   Note that like with standard doctests, you have to use ``<BLANKLINE>`` to
   signal a blank line in the expected output.  The ``<BLANKLINE>`` is removed
   when building presentation output (HTML, LaTeX etc.).

   Also, you can give inline doctest options, like in doctest::

      >>> datetime.date.now()   # doctest: +SKIP
      datetime.date(2008, 1, 1)

   They will be respected when the test is run, but stripped from presentation
   output.

.. rst:directive:: .. testcode:: [group]

   A code block for a code-output-style test.

   This directive supports three options:

   * ``hide``, a flag option, hides the code block in other builders.  By
     default it is shown as a highlighted code block.

   * ``trim-doctest-flags`` and ``no-trim-doctest-flags``, a flag option,
     doctest flags (comments looking like ``# doctest: FLAG, ...``) at the
     ends of lines and ``<BLANKLINE>`` markers are removed (or not removed)
     individually.  Default is ``trim-doctest-flags``.

   .. note::

      Code in a ``testcode`` block is always executed all at once, no matter how
      many statements it contains.  Therefore, output will *not* be generated
      for bare expressions -- use ``print``.  Example::

          .. testcode::

             1+1         # this will give no output!
             print(2+2)  # this will give output

          .. testoutput::

             4

      Also, please be aware that since the doctest module does not support
      mixing regular output and an exception message in the same snippet, this
      applies to testcode/testoutput as well.

.. rst:directive:: .. testoutput:: [group]

   The corresponding output, or the exception message, for the last
   :rst:dir:`testcode` block.

   This directive supports four options:

   * ``hide``, a flag option, hides the output block in other builders.  By
     default it is shown as a literal block without highlighting.

   * ``options``, a string option, can be used to give doctest flags
     (comma-separated) just like in normal doctest blocks.

   * ``trim-doctest-flags`` and ``no-trim-doctest-flags``, a flag option,
     doctest flags (comments looking like ``# doctest: FLAG, ...``) at the
     ends of lines and ``<BLANKLINE>`` markers are removed (or not removed)
     individually.  Default is ``trim-doctest-flags``.

   Example::

      .. testcode::

         print('Output     text.')

      .. testoutput::
         :hide:
         :options: -ELLIPSIS, +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE

         Output text.

The following is an example for the usage of the directives. The test via :rst:dir:`doctest` and the test via :rst:dir:`testcode` and :rst:dir:`testoutput` are equivalent.

The parrot module
=================

.. testsetup:: *

   import parrot

The parrot module is a module about parrots.

Doctest example:

.. doctest::

   >>> parrot.voom(3000)
   This parrot wouldn't voom if you put 3000 volts through it!

Test-Output example:

.. testcode::

   parrot.voom(3000)

This would output:

.. testoutput::

   This parrot wouldn't voom if you put 3000 volts through it!

Skipping tests conditionally

skipif, a string option, can be used to skip directives conditionally. This may be useful e.g. when a different set of tests should be run depending on the environment (hardware, network/VPN, optional dependencies or different versions of dependencies). The skipif option is supported by all of the doctest directives. Below are typical use cases for skipif when used for different directives:

:rst:dir:`testsetup` and :rst:dir:`testcleanup`
- conditionally skip test setup and/or cleanup
- customize setup/cleanup code per environment
:rst:dir:`doctest`
- conditionally skip both a test and its output verification
:rst:dir:`testcode`
- conditionally skip a test
- customize test code per environment
:rst:dir:`testoutput`
- conditionally skip output assertion for a skipped test
- expect different output depending on the environment

The value of the skipif option is evaluated as a Python expression. If the result is a true value, the directive is omitted from the test run just as if it wasn't present in the file at all.

Instead of repeating an expression, the :confval:`doctest_global_setup` configuration option can be used to assign it to a variable which can then be used instead.

Here's an example which skips some tests if Pandas is not installed:

extensions = ['sphinx.ext.doctest']
doctest_global_setup = '''
try:
    import pandas as pd
except ImportError:
    pd = None
'''

.. testsetup::
   :skipif: pd is None

   data = pd.Series([42])

.. doctest::
   :skipif: pd is None

   >>> data.iloc[0]
   42

.. testcode::
   :skipif: pd is None

   print(data.iloc[-1])

.. testoutput::
   :skipif: pd is None

   42

Configuration

The doctest extension uses the following configuration values:

.. confval:: doctest_default_flags

   By default, these options are enabled:

   - ``ELLIPSIS``, allowing you to put ellipses in the expected output that
     match anything in the actual output;
   - ``IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL``, causing everything following the leftmost
     colon and any module information in the exception name to be ignored;
   - ``DONT_ACCEPT_TRUE_FOR_1``, rejecting "True" in the output where "1" is
     given -- the default behavior of accepting this substitution is a relic of
     pre-Python 2.2 times.

   .. versionadded:: 1.5

.. confval:: doctest_path

   A list of directories that will be added to :data:`sys.path` when the doctest
   builder is used.  (Make sure it contains absolute paths.)

.. confval:: doctest_global_setup

   Python code that is treated like it were put in a ``testsetup`` directive for
   *every* file that is tested, and for every group.  You can use this to
   e.g. import modules you will always need in your doctests.

   .. versionadded:: 0.6

.. confval:: doctest_global_cleanup

   Python code that is treated like it were put in a ``testcleanup`` directive
   for *every* file that is tested, and for every group.  You can use this to
   e.g. remove any temporary files that the tests leave behind.

   .. versionadded:: 1.1

.. confval:: doctest_test_doctest_blocks

   If this is a nonempty string (the default is ``'default'``), standard reST
   doctest blocks will be tested too.  They will be assigned to the group name
   given.

   reST doctest blocks are simply doctests put into a paragraph of their own,
   like so::

      Some documentation text.

      >>> print(1)
      1

      Some more documentation text.

   (Note that no special ``::`` is used to introduce a doctest block; docutils
   recognizes them from the leading ``>>>``.  Also, no additional indentation is
   used, though it doesn't hurt.)

   If this value is left at its default value, the above snippet is interpreted
   by the doctest builder exactly like the following::

      Some documentation text.

      .. doctest::

         >>> print(1)
         1

      Some more documentation text.

   This feature makes it easy for you to test doctests in docstrings included
   with the :mod:`~sphinx.ext.autodoc` extension without marking them up with a
   special directive.

   Note though that you can't have blank lines in reST doctest blocks.  They
   will be interpreted as one block ending and another one starting.  Also,
   removal of ``<BLANKLINE>`` and ``# doctest:`` options only works in
   :rst:dir:`doctest` blocks, though you may set :confval:`trim_doctest_flags`
   to achieve that in all code blocks with Python console content.

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