diff --git a/.eslintrc b/.eslintrc
index 674fac4a..6e61464a 100644
--- a/.eslintrc
+++ b/.eslintrc
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
         "no-negated-condition": "off",
         "no-param-reassign": "warn",
         "no-underscore-dangle": "warn",
-        "no-use-before-define": "warn",
         "object-curly-newline": "off",
         "operator-linebreak": ["error", "before"],
         "sort-keys": "warn",
@@ -121,5 +120,11 @@
                 "camelcase": "off",
             },
         },
+        {
+            "files": ["lib/default_stream.js"],
+            "rules": {
+                "no-use-before-define": "warn",
+            },
+        }
     ],
 }
diff --git a/index.js b/index.js
index c6dfd197..2d2d2e53 100644
--- a/index.js
+++ b/index.js
@@ -13,6 +13,16 @@ var canExit = typeof process !== 'undefined' && process
 
 module.exports = (function () {
 	var harness;
+
+	function getHarness(opts) {
+		if (!opts) { opts = {}; }
+		opts.autoclose = !canEmitExit;
+		// this override is here since tests fail via nyc if createHarness is moved upwards
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-use-before-define
+		if (!harness) { harness = createExitHarness(opts); }
+		return harness;
+	}
+
 	var lazyLoad = function () {
 		// eslint-disable-next-line no-invalid-this
 		return getHarness().apply(this, arguments);
@@ -43,62 +53,8 @@ module.exports = (function () {
 	lazyLoad.getHarness = getHarness;
 
 	return lazyLoad;
-
-	function getHarness(opts) {
-		if (!opts) { opts = {}; }
-		opts.autoclose = !canEmitExit;
-		if (!harness) { harness = createExitHarness(opts); }
-		return harness;
-	}
 }());
 
-function createExitHarness(conf) {
-	var config = conf || {};
-	var harness = createHarness({
-		autoclose: defined(config.autoclose, false),
-		noOnly: defined(conf.noOnly, defined(process.env.NODE_TAPE_NO_ONLY_TEST, false))
-	});
-
-	var stream = harness.createStream({ objectMode: conf.objectMode });
-	var es = stream.pipe(conf.stream || createDefaultStream());
-	if (canEmitExit) {
-		// eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
-		es.on('error', function (err) { harness._exitCode = 1; });
-	}
-
-	var ended = false;
-	stream.on('end', function () { ended = true; });
-
-	if (config.exit === false) { return harness; }
-	if (!canEmitExit || !canExit) { return harness; }
-
-	process.on('exit', function (code) {
-		// let the process exit cleanly.
-		if (code !== 0) {
-			return;
-		}
-
-		if (!ended) {
-			var only = harness._results._only;
-			for (var i = 0; i < harness._tests.length; i++) {
-				var t = harness._tests[i];
-				if (!only || t === only) {
-					t._exit();
-				}
-			}
-		}
-		harness.close();
-		process.exit(code || harness._exitCode); // eslint-disable-line no-process-exit
-	});
-
-	return harness;
-}
-
-module.exports.createHarness = createHarness;
-module.exports.Test = Test;
-module.exports.test = module.exports; // tap compat
-module.exports.test.skip = Test.skip;
-
 function createHarness(conf_) {
 	var results = createResult();
 	if (!conf_ || conf_.autoclose !== false) {
@@ -152,3 +108,50 @@ function createHarness(conf_) {
 
 	return test;
 }
+
+function createExitHarness(conf) {
+	var config = conf || {};
+	var harness = createHarness({
+		autoclose: defined(config.autoclose, false),
+		noOnly: defined(conf.noOnly, defined(process.env.NODE_TAPE_NO_ONLY_TEST, false))
+	});
+
+	var stream = harness.createStream({ objectMode: conf.objectMode });
+	var es = stream.pipe(conf.stream || createDefaultStream());
+	if (canEmitExit) {
+		// eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
+		es.on('error', function (err) { harness._exitCode = 1; });
+	}
+
+	var ended = false;
+	stream.on('end', function () { ended = true; });
+
+	if (config.exit === false) { return harness; }
+	if (!canEmitExit || !canExit) { return harness; }
+
+	process.on('exit', function (code) {
+		// let the process exit cleanly.
+		if (code !== 0) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		if (!ended) {
+			var only = harness._results._only;
+			for (var i = 0; i < harness._tests.length; i++) {
+				var t = harness._tests[i];
+				if (!only || t === only) {
+					t._exit();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		harness.close();
+		process.exit(code || harness._exitCode); // eslint-disable-line no-process-exit
+	});
+
+	return harness;
+}
+
+module.exports.createHarness = createHarness;
+module.exports.Test = Test;
+module.exports.test = module.exports; // tap compat
+module.exports.test.skip = Test.skip;
diff --git a/lib/results.js b/lib/results.js
index 7554da62..2460a712 100644
--- a/lib/results.js
+++ b/lib/results.js
@@ -11,13 +11,80 @@ var has = require('has');
 var $exec = callBound('RegExp.prototype.exec');
 var yamlIndicators = /:|-|\?/;
 var nextTick = typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined' ? setImmediate : process.nextTick;
-module.exports = Results;
-inherits(Results, EventEmitter);
 
 function coalesceWhiteSpaces(str) {
 	return String(str).replace(/\s+/g, ' ');
 }
 
+function invalidYaml(str) {
+	return $exec(yamlIndicators, str) !== null;
+}
+
+function encodeResult(res, count) {
+	var output = '';
+	output += (res.ok ? 'ok ' : 'not ok ') + count;
+	output += res.name ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.name) : '';
+
+	if (res.skip) {
+		output += ' # SKIP' + (typeof res.skip === 'string' ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.skip) : '');
+	} else if (res.todo) {
+		output += ' # TODO' + (typeof res.todo === 'string' ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.todo) : '');
+	}
+
+	output += '\n';
+	if (res.ok) { return output; }
+
+	var outer = '  ';
+	var inner = outer + '  ';
+	output += outer + '---\n';
+	output += inner + 'operator: ' + res.operator + '\n';
+
+	if (has(res, 'expected') || has(res, 'actual')) {
+		var ex = inspect(res.expected, { depth: res.objectPrintDepth });
+		var ac = inspect(res.actual, { depth: res.objectPrintDepth });
+
+		if (Math.max(ex.length, ac.length) > 65 || invalidYaml(ex) || invalidYaml(ac)) {
+			output += inner + 'expected: |-\n' + inner + '  ' + ex + '\n';
+			output += inner + 'actual: |-\n' + inner + '  ' + ac + '\n';
+		} else {
+			output += inner + 'expected: ' + ex + '\n';
+			output += inner + 'actual:   ' + ac + '\n';
+		}
+	}
+	if (res.at) {
+		output += inner + 'at: ' + res.at + '\n';
+	}
+
+	var actualStack = res.actual && (typeof res.actual === 'object' || typeof res.actual === 'function') ? res.actual.stack : undefined;
+	var errorStack = res.error && res.error.stack;
+	var stack = defined(actualStack, errorStack);
+	if (stack) {
+		var lines = String(stack).split('\n');
+		output += inner + 'stack: |-\n';
+		for (var i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+			output += inner + '  ' + lines[i] + '\n';
+		}
+	}
+
+	output += outer + '...\n';
+	return output;
+}
+
+function getNextTest(results) {
+	if (!results._only) {
+		return results.tests.shift();
+	}
+
+	do {
+		var t = results.tests.shift();
+		if (t && results._only === t) {
+			return t;
+		}
+	} while (results.tests.length !== 0);
+
+	return void undefined;
+}
+
 function Results() {
 	if (!(this instanceof Results)) { return new Results(); }
 	this.count = 0;
@@ -30,6 +97,8 @@ function Results() {
 	this._isRunning = false;
 }
 
+inherits(Results, EventEmitter);
+
 Results.prototype.createStream = function (opts) {
 	if (!opts) { opts = {}; }
 	var self = this;
@@ -155,71 +224,4 @@ Results.prototype.close = function () {
 	self._stream.queue(null);
 };
 
-function encodeResult(res, count) {
-	var output = '';
-	output += (res.ok ? 'ok ' : 'not ok ') + count;
-	output += res.name ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.name) : '';
-
-	if (res.skip) {
-		output += ' # SKIP' + (typeof res.skip === 'string' ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.skip) : '');
-	} else if (res.todo) {
-		output += ' # TODO' + (typeof res.todo === 'string' ? ' ' + coalesceWhiteSpaces(res.todo) : '');
-	}
-
-	output += '\n';
-	if (res.ok) { return output; }
-
-	var outer = '  ';
-	var inner = outer + '  ';
-	output += outer + '---\n';
-	output += inner + 'operator: ' + res.operator + '\n';
-
-	if (has(res, 'expected') || has(res, 'actual')) {
-		var ex = inspect(res.expected, { depth: res.objectPrintDepth });
-		var ac = inspect(res.actual, { depth: res.objectPrintDepth });
-
-		if (Math.max(ex.length, ac.length) > 65 || invalidYaml(ex) || invalidYaml(ac)) {
-			output += inner + 'expected: |-\n' + inner + '  ' + ex + '\n';
-			output += inner + 'actual: |-\n' + inner + '  ' + ac + '\n';
-		} else {
-			output += inner + 'expected: ' + ex + '\n';
-			output += inner + 'actual:   ' + ac + '\n';
-		}
-	}
-	if (res.at) {
-		output += inner + 'at: ' + res.at + '\n';
-	}
-
-	var actualStack = res.actual && (typeof res.actual === 'object' || typeof res.actual === 'function') ? res.actual.stack : undefined;
-	var errorStack = res.error && res.error.stack;
-	var stack = defined(actualStack, errorStack);
-	if (stack) {
-		var lines = String(stack).split('\n');
-		output += inner + 'stack: |-\n';
-		for (var i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
-			output += inner + '  ' + lines[i] + '\n';
-		}
-	}
-
-	output += outer + '...\n';
-	return output;
-}
-
-function getNextTest(results) {
-	if (!results._only) {
-		return results.tests.shift();
-	}
-
-	do {
-		var t = results.tests.shift();
-		if (t && results._only === t) {
-			return t;
-		}
-	} while (results.tests.length !== 0);
-
-	return void undefined;
-}
-
-function invalidYaml(str) {
-	return $exec(yamlIndicators, str) !== null;
-}
+module.exports = Results;
diff --git a/lib/test.js b/lib/test.js
index 9b369492..c43b57a4 100644
--- a/lib/test.js
+++ b/lib/test.js
@@ -16,16 +16,12 @@ var toLowerCase = callBound('String.prototype.toLowerCase');
 var $exec = callBound('RegExp.prototype.exec');
 var objectToString = callBound('Object.prototype.toString');
 
-module.exports = Test;
-
 var nextTick = typeof setImmediate !== 'undefined'
 	? setImmediate
 	: process.nextTick;
 var safeSetTimeout = setTimeout;
 var safeClearTimeout = clearTimeout;
 
-inherits(Test, EventEmitter);
-
 // eslint-disable-next-line no-unused-vars
 var getTestArgs = function (name_, opts_, cb_) {
 	var name = '(anonymous)';
@@ -94,6 +90,8 @@ function Test(name_, opts_, cb_) {
 	}
 }
 
+inherits(Test, EventEmitter);
+
 Test.prototype.run = function run() {
 	this.emit('prerun');
 	if (!this._cb || this._skip) {
@@ -183,6 +181,19 @@ Test.prototype._end = function (err) {
 		return;
 	}
 
+	function completeEnd() {
+		if (!self.ended) { self.emit('end'); }
+		var pendingAsserts = self._pendingAsserts();
+		if (!self._planError && self._plan !== undefined && pendingAsserts) {
+			self._planError = true;
+			self.fail('plan != count', {
+				expected: self._plan,
+				actual: self.assertCount
+			});
+		}
+		self.ended = true;
+	}
+
 	function next(i) {
 		if (i === self._teardown.length) {
 			completeEnd();
@@ -211,19 +222,6 @@ Test.prototype._end = function (err) {
 	} else {
 		completeEnd();
 	}
-
-	function completeEnd() {
-		if (!self.ended) { self.emit('end'); }
-		var pendingAsserts = self._pendingAsserts();
-		if (!self._planError && self._plan !== undefined && pendingAsserts) {
-			self._planError = true;
-			self.fail('plan != count', {
-				expected: self._plan,
-				actual: self.assertCount
-			});
-		}
-		self.ended = true;
-	}
 };
 
 Test.prototype._exit = function () {
@@ -665,4 +663,6 @@ Test.skip = function (name_, _opts, _cb) {
 	return new Test(args.name, args.opts, args.cb);
 };
 
+module.exports = Test;
+
 // vim: set softtabstop=4 shiftwidth=4:
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 1c4e3f5b..eb4ac383 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -82,10 +82,9 @@
         "assert",
         "browser"
     ],
-    "author": {
-        "name": "Jordan Harband",
-        "email": "ljharb@gmail.com",
-        "url": "http://ljharb.codes"
+    "author": "Jordan Harband <ljharb@gmail.com>",
+    "funding": {
+        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/ljharb"
     },
     "license": "MIT"
 }
diff --git a/test/anonymous-fn/test-wrapper.js b/test/anonymous-fn/test-wrapper.js
index 0c42f00e..7a35bae9 100644
--- a/test/anonymous-fn/test-wrapper.js
+++ b/test/anonymous-fn/test-wrapper.js
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 'use strict';
 
+function setUp() {
+	// ... example ...
+}
+
+function tearDown() {
+	// ... example ...
+}
+
 // Example of wrapper function that would invoke tape
 module.exports = function (testCase) {
 	return function (t) {
@@ -8,11 +16,3 @@ module.exports = function (testCase) {
 		tearDown();
 	};
 };
-
-function setUp() {
-	// ... example ...
-}
-
-function tearDown() {
-	// ... example ...
-}
diff --git a/test/end-as-callback.js b/test/end-as-callback.js
index af7babad..42de7066 100644
--- a/test/end-as-callback.js
+++ b/test/end-as-callback.js
@@ -5,6 +5,45 @@ var forEach = require('for-each');
 var tape = require('../');
 var concat = require('concat-stream');
 
+function fakeAsyncTask(name, cb) {
+	cb(null, 'task' + name);
+}
+
+function fakeAsyncWrite(name, cb) {
+	cb(null);
+}
+
+function fakeAsyncWriteFail(name, cb) {
+	cb(new Error('fail'));
+}
+
+/**
+ * extract the stack trace for the failed test.
+ * this will change dependent on the environment
+ * so no point hard-coding it in the test assertion
+ * see: https://git.io/v6hGG for example
+ * @param String rows - the tap output lines
+ * @returns String stacktrace - just the error stack part
+ */
+function getStackTrace(rows) {
+	var stacktrace = '  ---\n';
+	var extract = false;
+	forEach(rows.toString('utf8').split('\n'), function (row) {
+		if (!extract) {
+			if (row.indexOf('---') > -1) { // start of stack trace
+				extract = true;
+			}
+		} else if (row.indexOf('...') > -1) { // end of stack trace
+			extract = false;
+			stacktrace += '  ...';
+		} else {
+			stacktrace += row + '\n';
+		}
+	});
+	// console.log(stacktrace);
+	return stacktrace;
+}
+
 tap.test('tape assert.end as callback', function (tt) {
 	var test = tape.createHarness({ exit: false });
 
@@ -46,42 +85,3 @@ tap.test('tape assert.end as callback', function (tt) {
 		});
 	});
 });
-
-function fakeAsyncTask(name, cb) {
-	cb(null, 'task' + name);
-}
-
-function fakeAsyncWrite(name, cb) {
-	cb(null);
-}
-
-function fakeAsyncWriteFail(name, cb) {
-	cb(new Error('fail'));
-}
-
-/**
- * extract the stack trace for the failed test.
- * this will change dependent on the environment
- * so no point hard-coding it in the test assertion
- * see: https://git.io/v6hGG for example
- * @param String rows - the tap output lines
- * @returns String stacktrace - just the error stack part
- */
-function getStackTrace(rows) {
-	var stacktrace = '  ---\n';
-	var extract = false;
-	forEach(rows.toString('utf8').split('\n'), function (row) {
-		if (!extract) {
-			if (row.indexOf('---') > -1) { // start of stack trace
-				extract = true;
-			}
-		} else if (row.indexOf('...') > -1) { // end of stack trace
-			extract = false;
-			stacktrace += '  ...';
-		} else {
-			stacktrace += row + '\n';
-		}
-	});
-	// console.log(stacktrace);
-	return stacktrace;
-}
diff --git a/test/require.js b/test/require.js
index 724f40cf..c4b48143 100644
--- a/test/require.js
+++ b/test/require.js
@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@ var tap = require('tap');
 var spawn = require('child_process').spawn;
 var concat = require('concat-stream');
 
+function tape(args) {
+	var bin = __dirname + '/../bin/tape';
+
+	return spawn('node', [bin].concat(args.split(' ')), { cwd: __dirname });
+}
+
 tap.test('requiring a single module', function (t) {
 	t.plan(2);
 
@@ -62,9 +68,3 @@ tap.test('requiring multiple modules', function (t) {
 		t.equal(code, 0);
 	});
 });
-
-function tape(args) {
-	var bin = __dirname + '/../bin/tape';
-
-	return spawn('node', [bin].concat(args.split(' ')), { cwd: __dirname });
-}
diff --git a/test/stackTrace.js b/test/stackTrace.js
index 0d0723e8..317e2335 100644
--- a/test/stackTrace.js
+++ b/test/stackTrace.js
@@ -8,6 +8,10 @@ var common = require('./common');
 
 var getDiag = common.getDiag;
 
+function stripAt(body) {
+	return body.replace(/^\s*at:\s+Test.*$\n/m, '');
+}
+
 tap.test('preserves stack trace with newlines', function (tt) {
 	tt.plan(3);
 
@@ -296,7 +300,3 @@ tap.test('preserves stack trace for failed assertions where actual===falsy', fun
 		t.equal(false, true, 'false should be true');
 	});
 });
-
-function stripAt(body) {
-	return body.replace(/^\s*at:\s+Test.*$\n/m, '');
-}