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stv205.txt
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stv205.txt
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# Week 7
* Who is Heinz von Foerster?
- A physicist and philosopher.
- Worked in biology and ethics.
- Founding Biological Computing Laboratory in 1958.
- Called for the first major conference on self-organizing systems (i.e. biology side)
* What are the soft and hard sides of cybernetics?
Soft: Biology
Hard: Computation
* What is the constructivist approach to philosophy?
We actively make our understanding of the world.
* What is second-order cybernetics?
The cybernetics of observing systems.
* What is sousveillance?
The recording of people via small wearable recorders. It is not considered
second-order because people are not really empowered to do anything with the
recordings.
* What is technological determinism?
The belief that technological development is a first-order system.
It cannot be controlled, and is autonomous, self-organizing, directionless, and
inevitable.
Technological development drives social structures and cultural values. (e.g.
unintended consequences.
* What is technological constructivism?
The belief that technological development is a second-order system.
It is not autonomous, we can direct it.
Our values drive technological development.
* What did Weiner use his "imaginative forward glance" to see?
- Antibiotics would cause super-viruses.
- Synthetic foods would cause carcinogens.
- Automation would cause unemployment.
* What did Weiner feel about moral responsibility of professions?
Scientists and engineers had a moral responsibility to control their
innovations. They could decide if something was to be developed.
* Who was John von Neumann?
Founded game theory as mathematical discipline. Credited with the
minimax theorem (can minimize maximum losses), and mutual assured destruction.
* What is the problem with programming machines for war?
AI might do things that are against human goals, like national survival.
* What is the technological singularity?
The point at which machines can improve themselves.
* What were McLuhan's thoughts about the world?
In the past, things became more fragmented (e.g. during the renaissance.). But
now things are becoming more and more connected.
* What's the deal with integration and networks?
A network needs non-technical feedback for it to be holistically integrated into
society.
# Week 8
* Who is Gregory Bateson?
- Married to Margaret Mead.
- Schismogenesis (positive feedback loops breaking relationships)
- Double bind (behaving in two incompatible ways simultaneously)
* What is behavioural sciences?
- Information calculus: Modeling human judgements and language.
- Using cybernetic feedback to model human decision making.
* How was information calculus used?
Measuring how we responded to a stimulus (e.g. reaction time)
Measuring our ability to transmit information.
* According to schismogensis, how are schisms generated between groups?
1. Boasting. (I'm better, no I'm better...)
2. Submissive behaviour.
* Who is Stafford Beer?
- Need to figure out how to remain stable but adaptive.
* What is a system?
The configuration of a solution to a large-scale practical problem.
Holsitic, demands compromise and judgement.
* What is a network?
The configuration of a solution to a large-scale technical problem.
Mechanistic, demands compliance.
* What is a web?
The configuration of a solution to a large-scale natural problem.
Organic, demands commitment.
* What is a collage?
The configuration of a solution to a large-scale artificial problem.
Synthetic, demand engagement.
* What is the cultural body?
Discovers meaning in a web of relationships.
Health is being affective, illness is injury that needs healing.
Health care is a web of ideals, care is being compassionate.
* What is the social body?
Negotiates meaning with other social bodies.
Health is effective performance, illness is a breakdown that needs repair.
Health care is a system of goals.
* What is the functional body?
A device that is defined by a network of operations.
Health is efficient operation, illness is a malfunction that needs fixing.
Health care is a network of objectives.
* What is the virtual body?
Mirror, photograph, MRI...
Defined by a collage of statistics.
Health is a desirable self-image, illness is exposure to reality that needs
spinning.
Health care is a collage of desires.
* What is the quantified self movement?
A movement to incorporate technology and data into one's daily life.
Self-tracking through technology.
* What is big data?
Data that is so voluminous that traditional data processing is inadequate.
# Week 9
* What is technology?
An ensemble of machineries and procedures.
* What is the deterministic view of technology?
Encompassing and irresistable force.
Optimistic: Welcome the problems and blessings.
Pessimistic: Technology is culturally destructive.
* What are pessimistic deterministics rejected as?
Luddites, dystopian, romantics.
* What is the instrumentalist view of technology?
It is neither good nor bad.
Depends on our values.
* What is the problem with the deterministic view of technology?
People and society have a lot of discretion in adopting new devices.
* What is the problem with the instrumentalist view of technology?
Ignores the fact that technology has shaped society.
* What is the paradigmatic view of technology?
It is a pattern or paradigm we have agreed to follow in dealing with
reality.
* What is third-order cybernetics?
Culture and art in the feedback loop.
* Who is Marshall McLuhan?
- Coined "medium is the message" and the "global village".
- Predicted the World Wide Web.
* What is the job of the artist in third-order cybernetics?
To look for patterns in society and bring them to life.
To keep humans human.
* What is the purpose of anti-utopian stories?
Critique attempts to make an utopia without considering the trade-offs.
* What is the purpose of dystopian stories?
Critique how we can go too far with a technological paradigm.
* What is the R.U.R?
Rossum's Universal Robots. Robots killing all humans.
* What is the difference between the android and the human w.r.t obediance?
Androids must obey. Humans may not.
# Week 10
* What is posthumanism?
What it means to be human is evolving over time.
* What is humanism?
Lamenting the loss of the current human meaning.
* What is transhumanism?
Embracing the "next step" of the human evolution.
* What is the dual-use of technology?
The same technology can be used for both good and bad.
* What is cyberfeminism?
An attempt to represent the perspectives of women on technological development.
* What is technofeminism?
Technology is both a source and consequence of gender relations.
* What is the problem and advantage of autonomous weapons?
Problem: Humans are no longer in control of decisions on life and death.
Advantage: Less lives may be lost due to less emotions.
* What is the ping body?
People can look up information about you