Contextual inference for Closure param types

[klimick]

It's very painful that psalm can't infer closure parameters from context:
https://psalm.dev/r/310e6ed76e

Of course we can specify type hint. But if type have templates it will be lost:
https://psalm.dev/r/b60a08d22a

Doc blocks preserves templates, but code looks bad:
https://psalm.dev/r/7c9621b9d3

We could write code like this:

/** @var list<Foo<int>> */
$fooList = [];
$mapped = map($fooList, fn(Foo $foo) => [$foo]);

// $mapped is list<Foo<array{int}>>. No doc blocks!

From what I've learned, it is relatively easy to implement left-to-right args type resolving for furter closure params inference.
I don't think Psalm needs a right-to-left analysis that was be mentioned in #5820. From my point of view its rare and difficult case.

[psalm-github-bot]

I found these snippets:

https://psalm.dev/r/310e6ed76e

<?php

/**
 * @template A
 * @template B
 * @param list<A> $collection
 * @param callable(A): B $ab
 * @return list<B>
 */
function map(array $collection, callable $ab): array
{
	$b = [];

    foreach ($collection as $a) {
    	$b[] = $ab($a);
    }

    return $b;
}

/** @var list<int> */
$numbers = [];

$mapped = map($numbers, fn($num) => $num + 1);
/** @psalm-trace $mapped */;

Psalm output (using commit 2827c3e):

INFO: MixedOperand - 24:37 - Left operand cannot be mixed

INFO: MissingClosureParamType - 24:28 - Parameter $num has no provided type

INFO: MissingClosureReturnType - 24:25 - Closure does not have a return type, expecting mixed

INFO: Trace - 25:28 - $mapped: list<mixed>

https://psalm.dev/r/b60a08d22a

<?php

/**
 * @template A
 * @template B
 * @param list<A> $collection
 * @param callable(A): B $ab
 * @return list<B>
 */
function map(array $collection, callable $ab): array
{
	$b = [];

    foreach ($collection as $a) {
    	$b[] = $ab($a);
    }

    return $b;
}

/** @template T */
final class Foo {}

/** @var list<Foo<int>> */
$fooList = [];

// Actual: list<array{Foo}>
// Expected: list<array{Foo<int>}>
$mapped = map($fooList, fn(Foo $num) => [$num]);
/** @psalm-trace $mapped */;

Psalm output (using commit 2827c3e):

INFO: Trace - 30:28 - $mapped: list<array{Foo}>

https://psalm.dev/r/7c9621b9d3

<?php

/**
 * @template A
 * @template B
 * @param list<A> $collection
 * @param callable(A): B $ab
 * @return list<B>
 */
function map(array $collection, callable $ab): array
{
	$b = [];

    foreach ($collection as $a) {
    	$b[] = $ab($a);
    }

    return $b;
}

/** @template T */
final class Foo {}

/** @var list<Foo<int>> */
$fooList = [];

//   Actual: list<array{Foo<int>}>
// Expected: list<array{Foo<int>}>
$mapped = map(
    $fooList,
    /** @param Foo<int> $num*/
    fn($num) => [$num],
);
/** @psalm-trace $mapped */;

Psalm output (using commit 2827c3e):

INFO: Trace - 34:28 - $mapped: list<array{Foo<int>}>