**What's the problem this PR addresses?**

Depending on the version of Node.js and npm you have available; building
the TypeScript patches might not work.

**How did you fix it?**

- Since "recent" versions of TypeScript have a Volta config specifying
the Node.js and npm versions to use, change the script to always use
Volta to run `node` and `npm`.
- For older versions without a complete Volta config I've added one.
- Install using `npm ci` when a lockfile is present as using `npm
install` causes some TypeScript builds to fail.

**Checklist**
- [x] I have read the [Contributing
Guide](https://yarnpkg.com/advanced/contributing).
- [x] I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to
be effective.
- [x] I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets
reviewed.

**What's the problem this PR addresses?**

Building the latest TypeScript patch requires fetching
https://github.com/arcanis/typescript,
https://github.com/microsoft/typescript, and
https://github.com/merceyz/typescript which, according to git, requires
fetching 1.87 GiB, 452 MiB, and 42 MiB of data and produces a 2.7GB
`.git` folder.

**How did you fix it?**

Fork TypeScript to https://github.com/yarnpkg/TypeScript and push the
branches required to build all the patches to it and change the script
to use a treeless clone of it which only needs to fetch 55 MiB of data
and produces a 74MB `.git` folder.

Depends on 
- #6186

**Checklist**
- [x] I have read the [Contributing
Guide](https://yarnpkg.com/advanced/contributing).
- [x] I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to
be effective.
- [x] I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets
reviewed.

**What's the problem this PR addresses?**

The PnP compatibility patch for TypeScript doesn't apply to
`typescript@5.5.0-beta`.

Ref microsoft/TypeScript#35206

**How did you fix it?**

Rebased it.

**Checklist**
- [x] I have read the [Contributing
Guide](https://yarnpkg.com/advanced/contributing).
- [x] I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to
be effective.
- [x] I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets
reviewed.

**What's the problem this PR addresses?**

The SDK changes in #6248 broke
support for older TypeScript versions.
I tested it on `5.4.1-rc` (master) and it was fine but it crashes on
5.2.0-beta
(https://github.com/yarnpkg/berry/blob/4308dca8091438e8f88682e59ef5ba5bc72241ca/package.json#L26)

**How did you fix it?**

Check the TypeScript version and only apply the patch if needed.

**Checklist**
- [x] I have read the [Contributing
Guide](https://yarnpkg.com/advanced/contributing).
- [x] I have set the packages that need to be released for my changes to
be effective.
- [x] I will check that all automated PR checks pass before the PR gets
reviewed.

| Package name | Version |
| --- | --- |
| `@yarnpkg/cli` | `3.8.2` |
| `@yarnpkg/plugin-compat` | `3.1.19` |
| `@yarnpkg/sdks` | `2.7.4` |