Use string concatenation to increase performance

[jonkoops]

Replaces the logic that holds class names in an array and joins them together in the end with direct string concatenation, this results in ~30% performance increase across the board. The following benchmarks were ran on my 2021 MacBook Pro 14-inch with an M1 Pro chip running macOS Sonoma (14.2.1):

Node.js (v21.5.0)

Benchmarking 'strings'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	15,670,038	63.81605063010916	±0.54%	7835020
default/npm	9,005,011	111.04927211649938	±0.68%	4502506
bind/local	14,077,263	71.0365342300473	±0.18%	7038632
bind/npm	8,883,553	112.56756055795418	±1.65%	4441778
dedupe/local	4,010,081	249.37146821418366	±0.67%	2005041
dedupe/npm	3,966,145	252.13396834126922	±0.79%	1983073

Benchmarking 'object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	15,088,614	66.27513948224117	±0.45%	7544308
default/npm	9,035,877	110.6699331265635	±0.78%	4517939
bind/local	14,505,287	68.9403796737236	±0.61%	7252644
bind/npm	9,165,639	109.10313123727286	±2.22%	4582821
dedupe/local	7,044,533	141.95404891256982	±0.25%	3522267
dedupe/npm	7,053,860	141.76634671966156	±0.28%	3526931

Benchmarking 'strings, object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	11,889,170	84.1101583861762	±0.83%	5944586
default/npm	8,038,085	124.40774010214119	±1.08%	4019043
bind/local	11,455,585	87.29365778405887	±1.05%	5727793
bind/npm	7,692,922	129.98961253129508	±5.85%	3846462
dedupe/local	4,153,793	240.74381156052277	±0.58%	2076897
dedupe/npm	4,116,693	242.91337563553066	±0.75%	2058347

Benchmarking 'mix'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	7,100,003	140.84500547435223	±0.64%	3551048
default/npm	5,585,523	179.03423958009992	±0.56%	2792762
bind/local	6,472,166	154.50776833942365	±0.88%	3236084
bind/npm	5,365,742	186.3674964740023	±0.74%	2682872
dedupe/local	1,893,257	528.1902508800174	±1.25%	946629
dedupe/npm	1,891,497	528.6815476395074	±1.31%	945749

Benchmarking 'arrays'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	4,751,718	210.45016288852892	±1.19%	2375860
default/npm	2,278,957	438.7971853808807	±1.68%	1139479
bind/local	4,583,286	218.18406698385684	±0.33%	2291644
bind/npm	2,235,513	447.32461197963715	±0.51%	1117793
dedupe/local	1,944,499	514.2710681414202	±0.59%	972250
dedupe/npm	1,939,009	515.727295888415	±0.64%	969505

Firefox (v121.0)

Benchmarking 'strings'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	11.082.202	90.23477464135738	±8.76%	5541101
default/npm	8.781.416	113.87685084045673	±8.78%	4390708
bind/local	10.911.630	91.64533621466269	±8.76%	5455815
bind/npm	8.855.560	112.92340631196672	±8.76%	4427780
dedupe/local	3.758.688	266.05028137477757	±8.78%	1879344
dedupe/npm	3.703.718	269.9989578040229	±8.76%	1851859

Benchmarking 'object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	9.902.228	100.9873737506347	±9.02%	4951114
default/npm	7.651.803	130.68813576510846	±8.76%	3825902
bind/local	9.526.018	104.97565719485308	±8.76%	4763009
bind/npm	7.701.092	129.85171453606839	±8.76%	3850546
dedupe/local	6.055.330	165.14376590540894	±8.76%	3027665
dedupe/npm	5.919.786	168.92502533030753	±8.76%	2959893

Benchmarking 'strings, object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	8.606.194	116.19538207016946	±8.76%	4303097
default/npm	7.293.585	137.10676750778015	±8.76%	3646793
bind/local	8.921.412	112.08987994277139	±8.76%	4460706
bind/npm	7.089.890	141.04591185476784	±8.76%	3544945
dedupe/local	3.760.398	265.9292979094234	±8.76%	1880199
dedupe/npm	3.856.122	259.3278947087255	±8.76%	1928061

Benchmarking 'mix'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	3.315.880	301.57906800004827	±8.76%	1657940
default/npm	5.127.774	195.01639502833004	±8.76%	2563887
bind/local	3.431.400	291.4262400186513	±8.76%	1715700
bind/npm	4.773.864	209.47391882131538	±8.76%	2386932
dedupe/local	2.001.092	499.7271489766588	±8.76%	1000546
dedupe/npm	1.711.712	584.2104279224543	±10.93%	855856

Benchmarking 'arrays'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	2.531.368	395.0433125487878	±8.76%	1265684
default/npm	2.500.206	399.96704271568024	±8.76%	1250103
bind/local	2.544.506	393.00359283884575	±8.76%	1272253
bind/npm	2.372.800	421.4430209035738	±8.76%	1186400
dedupe/local	1.806.554	553.5400547118991	±8.76%	903277
dedupe/npm	1.843.511	542.4429024600871	±8.76%	921756

Chrome (v20.0.6099.129)

Benchmarking 'strings'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	6,079,274	164.4933220836579	±2.80%	3040245
default/npm	4,827,402	207.15073913080562	±2.77%	2414184
bind/local	6,118,850	163.4293964407515	±2.77%	3060037
bind/npm	4,807,954	207.98866106037292	±2.79%	2404458
dedupe/local	2,917,242	342.78946037163405	±2.77%	1458913
dedupe/npm	2,871,063	348.30292881615543	±2.77%	1435532

Benchmarking 'object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	6,176,334	161.908323175497	±2.79%	3088785
default/npm	4,955,749	201.78580437204536	±2.77%	2477875
bind/local	6,167,353	162.1440896724422	±2.77%	3083677
bind/npm	5,012,723	199.49235358612975	±2.77%	2506863
dedupe/local	4,133,939	241.89997920043166	±2.78%	2066970
dedupe/npm	4,245,313	235.55383654192497	±2.77%	2122657

Benchmarking 'strings, object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	5,586,087	179.01615585086677	±2.77%	2793044
default/npm	4,579,777	218.35119518934383	±2.77%	2289889
bind/local	5,512,019	181.4216929550079	±2.77%	2756010
bind/npm	4,528,696	220.81410242391937	±2.78%	2264801
dedupe/local	2,963,723	337.41342015640504	±2.78%	1482158
dedupe/npm	3,005,034	332.7748270203765	±2.78%	1502818

Benchmarking 'mix'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	4,398,837	227.3327637891942	±2.78%	2199419
default/npm	3,769,216	265.307150980395	±2.78%	1884985
bind/local	4,192,641	238.51312036674304	±2.79%	2096740
bind/npm	3,750,153	266.6557181862266	±2.82%	1875452
dedupe/local	1,826,352	547.5393574600067	±2.77%	913359
dedupe/npm	1,807,754	553.1724734357562	±2.77%	904058

Benchmarking 'arrays'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	3,592,981	278.3203478357115	±2.77%	1796491
default/npm	2,113,115	473.2347869279158	±2.77%	1056558
bind/local	3,417,504	292.6112156708522	±2.77%	1708752
bind/npm	1,992,925	501.7749246898604	±2.78%	996662
dedupe/local	1,716,015	582.745149236976	±2.77%	858008
dedupe/npm	1,716,579	582.5536823261664	±2.78%	858290

Safari (v17.2.1)

Benchmarking 'strings'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	7,532,417	132.75950840292913	±8.76%	3773741
default/npm	5,796,919	172.50539941900684	±8.76%	2898460
bind/local	7,685,053	130.12270493154236	±8.76%	3850212
bind/npm	5,561,678	179.8018303897954	±8.76%	2786401
dedupe/local	2,236,914	447.0444549946936	±8.76%	1118457
dedupe/npm	2,166,442	461.58632448964704	±8.76%	1083221

Benchmarking 'object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	5,919,285	168.9393106601643	±8.76%	2965562
default/npm	4,568,952	218.86856745935216	±8.76%	2289045
bind/local	5,793,287	172.6135657724745	±8.76%	2902437
bind/npm	4,735,435	211.1737968795424	±8.76%	2367718
dedupe/local	3,391,844	294.8248528523692	±8.76%	1699314
dedupe/npm	3,494,561	286.1588948772532	±8.76%	1747281

Benchmarking 'strings, object'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	4,921,678	203.18270911088743	±8.76%	2465761
default/npm	3,938,425	253.90859594625869	±8.76%	1973151
bind/local	4,910,563	203.64259584033266	±8.76%	2455282
bind/npm	4,075,674	245.35819106238623	±8.76%	2037837
dedupe/local	2,119,897	471.7208092087724	±8.76%	1059949
dedupe/npm	2,065,503	484.14333741311833	±8.76%	1032752

Benchmarking 'mix'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	3,388,411	295.12356900406314	±8.76%	1697594
default/npm	3,483,523	287.0656266470641	±8.76%	1741762
bind/local	3,233,233	309.2878970274846	±8.76%	1619850
bind/npm	3,505,233	285.28769641283355	±8.76%	1756122
dedupe/local	1,262,257	792.231388492154	±8.75%	632391
dedupe/npm	1,239,339	806.8815237015174	±8.75%	620909

Benchmarking 'arrays'.

Task Name	ops/sec	Average Time (ns)	Margin	Samples
default/local	1,665,982	600.246568350727	±8.75%	834657
default/npm	1,681,845	594.5847598413388	±8.76%	840923
bind/local	1,649,921	606.0892575528342	±8.76%	824961
bind/npm	1,651,295	605.5851632842516	±8.75%	827299
dedupe/local	989,731	1010.3745256291603	±8.76%	494866
dedupe/npm	960,853	1040.7408409602594	±8.76%	480427

[jonkoops]

@JedWatson @dcousens Since this refactors a pretty large swath of code from the core part of the library, I'd like to have a more formal review on this one. Let me know if you're available.

[dcousens]

Happy with this conceptually, but, probably need to verify this result across different browsers, the node benchmarks are marginally helpful at best.

[dcousens]

Similar to #292

[jonkoops]

Sure, I can run some browser benchmarks and get back to this 👍

[jonkoops]

@dcousens updated the PR description with benchmarks in all the latest versions of major browsers. And added some code to easily format the results as markdown.

[dcousens]

Numbers LGTM, limited regressions and the major usecases 'strings, object', and string are improvements.