Algebraic geometry directory, take 2 (#1121)

* move Zariski lattice

* add to README

* restructure

* fix paper

* typos and fixes

* Z functor instance

* relative coadjunction

Cubical/AlgebraicGeometry/Functorial/ZFunctors/Base.agda

@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+{-
+
+  A ℤ-functor is just a functor from rings to sets.
+
+  NOTE: we consider the functor category [ Ring ℓ , Set ℓ ] for some universe level ℓ
+        and not [ Ring ℓ , Set (ℓ+1) ] as is done in
+        "Introduction to Algebraic Geometry and Algebraic Groups"
+        by Demazure & Gabriel!
+
+  The category of ℤ-functors contains the category of (qcqs-) schemes
+  as a full subcategory and satisfies a "universal property"
+  similar to the one of schemes:
+
+    There is a coadjunction 𝓞 ⊣ᵢ Sp
+    (relative to the inclusion i : CommRing ℓ → CommRing (ℓ+1))
+    between the "global sections functor" 𝓞
+    and the fully-faithful embedding of affines Sp,
+    whose counit is a natural isomorphism
+
+-}
+
+{-# OPTIONS --safe --lossy-unification #-}
+module Cubical.AlgebraicGeometry.Functorial.ZFunctors.Base where
+
+open import Cubical.Foundations.Prelude
+open import Cubical.Foundations.Equiv
+open import Cubical.Foundations.Isomorphism
+open import Cubical.Foundations.Function
+open import Cubical.Foundations.Powerset
+open import Cubical.Foundations.HLevels
+
+open import Cubical.Functions.FunExtEquiv
+
+open import Cubical.Data.Sigma
+open import Cubical.Data.Nat using (ℕ)
+
+open import Cubical.Algebra.Ring
+open import Cubical.Algebra.CommRing
+
+open import Cubical.Categories.Category renaming (isIso to isIsoC)
+open import Cubical.Categories.Functor
+open import Cubical.Categories.Instances.Sets
+open import Cubical.Categories.Instances.CommRings
+open import Cubical.Categories.Instances.Functors
+open import Cubical.Categories.NaturalTransformation
+open import Cubical.Categories.Yoneda
+open import Cubical.Categories.Site.Sheaf
+open import Cubical.Categories.Site.Instances.ZariskiCommRing
+
+open import Cubical.HITs.PropositionalTruncation as PT
+
+
+open Category hiding (_∘_)
+
+
+module _ {ℓ : Level} where
+
+  open Functor
+  open NatTrans
+  open CommRingStr ⦃...⦄
+  open IsRingHom
+
+
+  -- using the naming conventions of Demazure & Gabriel
+  ℤFunctor = Functor (CommRingsCategory {ℓ = ℓ}) (SET ℓ)
+  ℤFUNCTOR = FUNCTOR (CommRingsCategory {ℓ = ℓ}) (SET ℓ)
+
+  -- Yoneda in the notation of Demazure & Gabriel,
+  -- uses that double op is original category definitionally
+  Sp : Functor (CommRingsCategory {ℓ = ℓ} ^op) ℤFUNCTOR
+  Sp = YO {C = (CommRingsCategory {ℓ = ℓ} ^op)}
+
+  isAffine : (X : ℤFunctor) → Type (ℓ-suc ℓ)
+  isAffine X = ∃[ A ∈ CommRing ℓ ] NatIso (Sp .F-ob A) X
+  -- TODO: 𝔸¹ ≅ Sp ℤ[x] and 𝔾ₘ ≅ Sp ℤ[x,x⁻¹] ≅ D(x) ↪ 𝔸¹ as first examples of affine schemes
+
+  -- a ℤ-functor that is a sheaf wrt the Zariski coverage is called local
+  isLocal : ℤFunctor → Type (ℓ-suc ℓ)
+  isLocal X = isSheaf zariskiCoverage X
+
+  -- the forgetful functor
+  -- aka the affine line
+  -- (aka the representable of ℤ[x])
+  𝔸¹ : ℤFunctor
+  𝔸¹ = ForgetfulCommRing→Set
+
+  -- the global sections functor
+  𝓞 : Functor ℤFUNCTOR (CommRingsCategory {ℓ = ℓ-suc ℓ} ^op)
+  fst (F-ob 𝓞 X) = X ⇒ 𝔸¹
+
+  -- ring struncture induced by internal ring object 𝔸¹
+  N-ob (CommRingStr.0r (snd (F-ob 𝓞 X))) A _ = 0r
+    where instance _ = A .snd
+  N-hom (CommRingStr.0r (snd (F-ob 𝓞 X))) φ = funExt λ _ → sym (φ .snd .pres0)
+
+  N-ob (CommRingStr.1r (snd (F-ob 𝓞 X))) A _ = 1r
+    where instance _ = A .snd
+  N-hom (CommRingStr.1r (snd (F-ob 𝓞 X))) φ = funExt λ _ → sym (φ .snd .pres1)
+
+  N-ob ((snd (F-ob 𝓞 X) CommRingStr.+ α) β) A x = α .N-ob A x + β .N-ob A x
+    where instance _ = A .snd
+  N-hom ((snd (F-ob 𝓞 X) CommRingStr.+ α) β) {x = A} {y = B} φ = funExt path
+    where
+    instance
+      _ = A .snd
+      _ = B .snd
+    path : ∀ x → α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) + β .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x)
+               ≡ φ .fst (α .N-ob A x + β .N-ob A x)
+    path x = α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) + β .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x)
+           ≡⟨ cong₂ _+_ (funExt⁻ (α .N-hom φ) x) (funExt⁻ (β .N-hom φ) x) ⟩
+             φ .fst (α .N-ob A x) + φ .fst (β .N-ob A x)
+           ≡⟨ sym (φ .snd .pres+ _ _) ⟩
+             φ .fst (α .N-ob A x + β .N-ob A x) ∎
+
+  N-ob ((snd (F-ob 𝓞 X) CommRingStr.· α) β) A x = α .N-ob A x · β .N-ob A x
+    where instance _ = A .snd
+  N-hom ((snd (F-ob 𝓞 X) CommRingStr.· α) β) {x = A} {y = B} φ = funExt path
+    where
+    instance
+      _ = A .snd
+      _ = B .snd
+    path : ∀ x → α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) · β .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x)
+               ≡ φ .fst (α .N-ob A x · β .N-ob A x)
+    path x = α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) · β .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x)
+           ≡⟨ cong₂ _·_ (funExt⁻ (α .N-hom φ) x) (funExt⁻ (β .N-hom φ) x) ⟩
+             φ .fst (α .N-ob A x) · φ .fst (β .N-ob A x)
+           ≡⟨ sym (φ .snd .pres· _ _) ⟩
+             φ .fst (α .N-ob A x · β .N-ob A x) ∎
+
+  N-ob ((CommRingStr.- snd (F-ob 𝓞 X)) α) A x = - α .N-ob A x
+    where instance _ = A .snd
+  N-hom ((CommRingStr.- snd (F-ob 𝓞 X)) α) {x = A} {y = B} φ = funExt path
+    where
+    instance
+      _ = A .snd
+      _ = B .snd
+    path : ∀ x → - α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) ≡ φ .fst (- α .N-ob A x)
+    path x = - α .N-ob B (X .F-hom φ x) ≡⟨ cong -_ (funExt⁻ (α .N-hom φ) x) ⟩
+             - φ .fst (α .N-ob A x)     ≡⟨ sym (φ .snd .pres- _) ⟩
+             φ .fst (- α .N-ob A x)     ∎
+
+  CommRingStr.isCommRing (snd (F-ob 𝓞 X)) = makeIsCommRing
+    isSetNatTrans
+    (λ _ _ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.+Assoc _ _ _))
+    (λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.+IdR _))
+    (λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.+InvR _))
+    (λ _ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.+Comm _ _))
+    (λ _ _ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.·Assoc _ _ _))
+    (λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.·IdR _))
+    (λ _ _ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.·DistR+ _ _ _))
+    (λ _ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ A _ → A .snd .CommRingStr.·Comm _ _))
+
+  -- action on natural transformations
+  fst (F-hom 𝓞 α) = α ●ᵛ_
+  pres0 (snd (F-hom 𝓞 α)) = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl)
+  pres1 (snd (F-hom 𝓞 α)) = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl)
+  pres+ (snd (F-hom 𝓞 α)) _ _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl)
+  pres· (snd (F-hom 𝓞 α)) _ _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl)
+  pres- (snd (F-hom 𝓞 α)) _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl)
+
+  -- functoriality of 𝓞
+  F-id 𝓞 = RingHom≡ (funExt λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl))
+  F-seq 𝓞 _ _ = RingHom≡ (funExt λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl))
+
+
+
+-- There is a coadjunction 𝓞 ⊣ᵢ Sp
+-- (relative to the inclusion i : CommRing ℓ → CommRing (ℓ+1))
+-- between the "global sections functor" 𝓞
+-- and the fully-faithful embedding of affines Sp,
+-- whose counit is a natural isomorphism
+module AdjBij {ℓ : Level} where
+
+  open Functor
+  open NatTrans
+  open Iso
+  open IsRingHom
+
+  private module _ {A : CommRing ℓ} {X : ℤFunctor {ℓ}} where
+    _♭ : CommRingHom A (𝓞 .F-ob X) → X ⇒ Sp .F-ob A
+    fst (N-ob (φ ♭) B x) a = φ .fst a .N-ob B x
+
+    pres0 (snd (N-ob (φ ♭) B x)) = cong (λ y → y .N-ob B x) (φ .snd .pres0)
+    pres1 (snd (N-ob (φ ♭) B x)) = cong (λ y → y .N-ob B x) (φ .snd .pres1)
+    pres+ (snd (N-ob (φ ♭) B x)) _ _ = cong (λ y → y .N-ob B x) (φ .snd .pres+ _ _)
+    pres· (snd (N-ob (φ ♭) B x)) _ _ = cong (λ y → y .N-ob B x) (φ .snd .pres· _ _)
+    pres- (snd (N-ob (φ ♭) B x)) _ = cong (λ y → y .N-ob B x) (φ .snd .pres- _)
+
+    N-hom (φ ♭) ψ = funExt (λ x → RingHom≡ (funExt λ a → funExt⁻ (φ .fst a .N-hom ψ) x))
+
+
+    -- the other direction is just precomposition modulo Yoneda
+    _♯ : X ⇒ Sp .F-ob A → CommRingHom A (𝓞 .F-ob X)
+    fst (α ♯) a = α ●ᵛ yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .inv a
+
+    pres0 (snd (α ♯)) = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ B x → α .N-ob B x .snd .pres0)
+    pres1 (snd (α ♯)) = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ B x → α .N-ob B x .snd .pres1)
+    pres+ (snd (α ♯)) _ _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ B x → α .N-ob B x .snd .pres+ _ _)
+    pres· (snd (α ♯)) _ _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ B x → α .N-ob B x .snd .pres· _ _)
+    pres- (snd (α ♯)) _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ B x → α .N-ob B x .snd .pres- _)
+
+
+    -- the two maps are inverse to each other
+    ♭♯Id : ∀ (α  : X ⇒ Sp .F-ob A) → ((α ♯) ♭) ≡ α
+    ♭♯Id _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → RingHom≡ (funExt (λ _ → refl)))
+
+    ♯♭Id : ∀ (φ : CommRingHom A (𝓞 .F-ob X)) → ((φ ♭) ♯) ≡ φ
+    ♯♭Id _ = RingHom≡ (funExt λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → refl))
+
+
+  -- we get a relative adjunction 𝓞 ⊣ᵢ Sp
+  -- with respect to the inclusion i : CommRing ℓ → CommRing (ℓ+1)
+  𝓞⊣SpIso : {A : CommRing ℓ} {X : ℤFunctor {ℓ}}
+          → Iso (CommRingHom A (𝓞 .F-ob X)) (X ⇒ Sp .F-ob A)
+  fun 𝓞⊣SpIso = _♭
+  inv 𝓞⊣SpIso = _♯
+  rightInv 𝓞⊣SpIso = ♭♯Id
+  leftInv 𝓞⊣SpIso = ♯♭Id
+
+  𝓞⊣SpNatℤFunctor : {A : CommRing ℓ} {X Y : ℤFunctor {ℓ}} (α : X ⇒ Sp .F-ob A) (β : Y ⇒ X)
+                  → (β ●ᵛ α) ♯ ≡ (𝓞 .F-hom β) ∘cr (α ♯)
+  𝓞⊣SpNatℤFunctor _ _ = RingHom≡ (funExt (λ _ → makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ (λ _ _ → refl))))
+
+  𝓞⊣SpNatCommRing : {X : ℤFunctor {ℓ}} {A B : CommRing ℓ}
+                    (φ : CommRingHom A (𝓞 .F-ob X)) (ψ : CommRingHom B A)
+                  → (φ ∘cr ψ) ♭ ≡ (φ ♭) ●ᵛ Sp .F-hom ψ
+  𝓞⊣SpNatCommRing _ _ = makeNatTransPath (funExt₂ λ _ _ → RingHom≡ (funExt (λ _ → refl)))
+
+  -- the counit is an equivalence
+  private
+    ε : (A : CommRing ℓ) → CommRingHom A ((𝓞 ∘F Sp) .F-ob A)
+    ε A = (idTrans (Sp .F-ob A)) ♯
+
+  𝓞⊣SpCounitEquiv : (A : CommRing ℓ) → CommRingEquiv A ((𝓞 ∘F Sp) .F-ob A)
+  fst (𝓞⊣SpCounitEquiv A) = isoToEquiv theIso
+    where
+    theIso : Iso (A .fst) ((𝓞 ∘F Sp) .F-ob A .fst)
+    fun theIso = ε A .fst
+    inv theIso = yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .fun
+    rightInv theIso α = ℤFUNCTOR .⋆IdL _ ∙ yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .leftInv α
+    leftInv theIso a = path -- I get yellow otherwise
+      where
+      path : yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .fun ((idTrans (Sp .F-ob A)) ●ᵛ yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .inv a) ≡ a
+      path = cong (yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .fun) (ℤFUNCTOR .⋆IdL _) ∙ yonedaᴾ 𝔸¹ A .rightInv a
+  snd (𝓞⊣SpCounitEquiv A) = ε A .snd