feat(core): support TypeScript 4.8 (#47038)

Adds support for TypeScript 4.8 and resolves some issues that came up as a result of the update.

Most of the issues came from some changes in TypeScript where the `decorators` and `modifiers` properties were removed from most node types, and were combined into a single `modifiers` array. Since we need to continue supporting TS 4.6 and 4.7 until v15, I ended up creating a new `ngtsc/ts_compatibility` directory to make it easier to reuse the new backwards-compatible code.

PR Close #47038

.bazelignore

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-compat/node_modules
 integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-i18n/node_modules
 integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-minimal/node_modules
 integration/cli-hello-world-lazy/node_modules
+integration/cli-hello-world-ts-47/node_modules
 integration/dynamic-compiler/node_modules
 integration/hello_world__closure/node_modules
 integration/hello_world__systemjs_umd/node_modules
@@ -47,6 +48,7 @@ integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-compat/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-i18n/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/cli-hello-world-ivy-minimal/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/cli-hello-world-lazy/.yarn_local_cache
+integration/cli-hello-world-ts-47/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/dynamic-compiler/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/hello_world__closure/.yarn_local_cache
 integration/hello_world__systemjs_umd/.yarn_local_cache

integration/animations/BUILD.bazel

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ load("//integration:index.bzl", "ng_integration_test")
 
 ng_integration_test(
     name = "test",
+    # Pinned temporarily until the CLI is updated to support TS 4.8.
+    pinned_npm_packages = ["typescript"],
     setup_chromium = True,
     track_payload_size = "animations",
 )

integration/animations/package.json

@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@
     "protractor": "file:../../node_modules/protractor",
     "ts-node": "8.3.0",
     "tslint": "5.18.0",
-    "typescript": "file:../../node_modules/typescript"
+    "typescript": "~4.7.2"
   }
 }