fix(compiler): add math elements to schema (#55631) (#55645)

Fixes that we didn't have the MathML elements in the schema. Note that we can't discover which tag names are available by looking at globally-available classes, because all MathML elements are `MathMLElement` rather than something like `SVGCircleElement`. As such, I ended up having to hardcode the currently-available tags.

Fixes #55608.

PR Close #55631

PR Close #55645

packages/compiler-cli/test/ngtsc/template_typecheck_spec.ts

@@ -3101,6 +3101,32 @@ export declare class AnimationEvent {
 1. If 'foo' is an Angular component, then verify that it is part of this module.
 2. To allow any element add 'NO_ERRORS_SCHEMA' to the '@NgModule.schemas' of this component.`);
          });
+
+      it('should allow math elements', () => {
+        env.write(
+            'test.ts',
+            `
+          import {Component} from '@angular/core';
+          @Component({
+            template: \`
+              <math>
+                <mfrac>
+                  <mn>1</mn>
+                  <msqrt>
+                    <mn>2</mn>
+                  </msqrt>
+                </mfrac>
+              </math>
+            \`,
+            standalone: true,
+          })
+          export class MathCmp {}
+        `,
+        );
+
+        const diags = env.driveDiagnostics();
+        expect(diags.length).toBe(0);
+      });
     });
 
     // Test both sync and async compilations, see https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/32538