[refurb] Implement metaclass_abcmeta (FURB180) (#9658)

## Summary

Implement [use-abc-shorthand
(FURB180)](https://github.com/dosisod/refurb/blob/master/refurb/checks/readability/use_abc_shorthand.py)
lint.

I changed the name to be more conformant with ruff rule-naming rules.


## Test Plan

cargo test

crates/ruff_linter/resources/test/fixtures/refurb/FURB180.py

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import abc
+from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
+
+
+# Errors
+
+class A0(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass
+
+
+class A1(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass
+
+
+class B0:
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, **kwargs):
+        super().__init_subclass__()
+
+
+class B1:
+    pass
+
+
+class A2(B0, B1, metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass
+
+
+class A3(B0, before_metaclass=1, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+    pass
+
+
+# OK
+
+class Meta(type):
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        return super().__new__(cls, *args)
+
+
+class A4(metaclass=Meta, no_metaclass=ABCMeta):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass
+
+
+class A5(metaclass=Meta):
+    pass
+
+
+class A6(abc.ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass
+
+
+class A7(B0, abc.ABC, B1):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def foo(self): pass

crates/ruff_linter/src/checkers/ast/analyze/statement.rs

@@ -516,6 +516,9 @@ pub(crate) fn statement(stmt: &Stmt, checker: &mut Checker) {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::BadDunderMethodName) {
                 pylint::rules::bad_dunder_method_name(checker, body);
             }
+            if checker.enabled(Rule::MetaClassABCMeta) {
+                refurb::rules::metaclass_abcmeta(checker, class_def);
+            }
         }
         Stmt::Import(ast::StmtImport { names, range: _ }) => {
             if checker.enabled(Rule::MultipleImportsOnOneLine) {

crates/ruff_linter/src/codes.rs

@@ -1001,6 +1001,7 @@ pub fn code_to_rule(linter: Linter, code: &str) -> Option<(RuleGroup, Rule)> {
         (Refurb, "169") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::TypeNoneComparison),
         (Refurb, "171") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::SingleItemMembershipTest),
         (Refurb, "177") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::ImplicitCwd),
+        (Refurb, "180") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::MetaClassABCMeta),
         (Refurb, "181") => (RuleGroup::Preview, rules::refurb::rules::HashlibDigestHex),
 
         // flake8-logging

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test_case(Rule::IsinstanceTypeNone, Path::new("FURB168.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::TypeNoneComparison, Path::new("FURB169.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::RedundantLogBase, Path::new("FURB163.py"))]
+    #[test_case(Rule::MetaClassABCMeta, Path::new("FURB180.py"))]
     #[test_case(Rule::HashlibDigestHex, Path::new("FURB181.py"))]
     fn rules(rule_code: Rule, path: &Path) -> Result<()> {
         let snapshot = format!("{}_{}", rule_code.noqa_code(), path.to_string_lossy());

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/metaclass_abcmeta.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+use ruff_diagnostics::{AlwaysFixableViolation, Diagnostic, Edit, Fix};
+use ruff_macros::{derive_message_formats, violation};
+use ruff_python_ast::StmtClassDef;
+use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
+
+use crate::checkers::ast::Checker;
+use crate::importer::ImportRequest;
+
+/// ## What it does
+/// Checks for uses of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base classes
+/// (ABCs).
+///
+/// ## Why is this bad?
+///
+/// Instead of `class C(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): ...`, use `class C(ABC): ...`
+/// to define an abstract base class. Inheriting from the `ABC` wrapper class
+/// is semantically identical to setting `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta`, but more
+/// succinct.
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```python
+/// class C(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+///     pass
+/// ```
+///
+/// Use instead:
+/// ```python
+/// class C(ABC):
+///     pass
+/// ```
+///
+/// ## References
+/// - [Python documentation: `abc.ABC`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/abc.html#abc.ABC)
+/// - [Python documentation: `abc.ABCMeta`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/abc.html#abc.ABCMeta)
+#[violation]
+pub struct MetaClassABCMeta;
+
+impl AlwaysFixableViolation for MetaClassABCMeta {
+    #[derive_message_formats]
+    fn message(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Use of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base class")
+    }
+
+    fn fix_title(&self) -> String {
+        format!("Replace with `abc.ABC`")
+    }
+}
+
+/// FURB180
+pub(crate) fn metaclass_abcmeta(checker: &mut Checker, class_def: &StmtClassDef) {
+    // Identify the `metaclass` keyword.
+    let Some((position, keyword)) = class_def.keywords().iter().find_position(|&keyword| {
+        keyword
+            .arg
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_some_and(|arg| arg.as_str() == "metaclass")
+    }) else {
+        return;
+    };
+
+    // Determine whether it's assigned to `abc.ABCMeta`.
+    if !checker
+        .semantic()
+        .resolve_call_path(&keyword.value)
+        .is_some_and(|call_path| matches!(call_path.as_slice(), ["abc", "ABCMeta"]))
+    {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    let mut diagnostic = Diagnostic::new(MetaClassABCMeta, keyword.range);
+
+    diagnostic.try_set_fix(|| {
+        let (import_edit, binding) = checker.importer().get_or_import_symbol(
+            &ImportRequest::import("abc", "ABC"),
+            keyword.range.start(),
+            checker.semantic(),
+        )?;
+        Ok(if position > 0 {
+            // When the `abc.ABCMeta` is not the first keyword, put `abc.ABC` before the first
+            // keyword.
+            Fix::safe_edits(
+                // Delete from the previous argument, to the end of the `metaclass` argument.
+                Edit::range_deletion(TextRange::new(
+                    class_def.keywords()[position - 1].end(),
+                    keyword.end(),
+                )),
+                // Insert `abc.ABC` before the first keyword.
+                [
+                    Edit::insertion(format!("{binding}, "), class_def.keywords()[0].start()),
+                    import_edit,
+                ],
+            )
+        } else {
+            Fix::safe_edits(
+                Edit::range_replacement(binding, keyword.range),
+                [import_edit],
+            )
+        })
+    });
+
+    checker.diagnostics.push(diagnostic);
+}

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/rules/mod.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ pub(crate) use if_expr_min_max::*;
 pub(crate) use implicit_cwd::*;
 pub(crate) use isinstance_type_none::*;
 pub(crate) use math_constant::*;
+pub(crate) use metaclass_abcmeta::*;
 pub(crate) use print_empty_string::*;
 pub(crate) use read_whole_file::*;
 pub(crate) use redundant_log_base::*;
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ mod if_expr_min_max;
 mod implicit_cwd;
 mod isinstance_type_none;
 mod math_constant;
+mod metaclass_abcmeta;
 mod print_empty_string;
 mod read_whole_file;
 mod redundant_log_base;

crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/snapshots/ruff_linter__rules__refurb__tests__FURB180_FURB180.py.snap

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+---
+source: crates/ruff_linter/src/rules/refurb/mod.rs
+---
+FURB180.py:7:10: FURB180 [*] Use of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base class
+  |
+5 | # Errors
+6 | 
+7 | class A0(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+  |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FURB180
+8 |     @abstractmethod
+9 |     def foo(self): pass
+  |
+  = help: Replace with `abc.ABC`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+4 4 | 
+5 5 | # Errors
+6 6 | 
+7   |-class A0(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+  7 |+class A0(abc.ABC):
+8 8 |     @abstractmethod
+9 9 |     def foo(self): pass
+10 10 | 
+
+FURB180.py:12:10: FURB180 [*] Use of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base class
+   |
+12 | class A1(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+   |          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FURB180
+13 |     @abstractmethod
+14 |     def foo(self): pass
+   |
+   = help: Replace with `abc.ABC`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+9  9  |     def foo(self): pass
+10 10 | 
+11 11 | 
+12    |-class A1(metaclass=ABCMeta):
+   12 |+class A1(abc.ABC):
+13 13 |     @abstractmethod
+14 14 |     def foo(self): pass
+15 15 | 
+
+FURB180.py:26:18: FURB180 [*] Use of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base class
+   |
+26 | class A2(B0, B1, metaclass=ABCMeta):
+   |                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FURB180
+27 |     @abstractmethod
+28 |     def foo(self): pass
+   |
+   = help: Replace with `abc.ABC`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+23 23 |     pass
+24 24 | 
+25 25 | 
+26    |-class A2(B0, B1, metaclass=ABCMeta):
+   26 |+class A2(B0, B1, abc.ABC):
+27 27 |     @abstractmethod
+28 28 |     def foo(self): pass
+29 29 | 
+
+FURB180.py:31:34: FURB180 [*] Use of `metaclass=abc.ABCMeta` to define abstract base class
+   |
+31 | class A3(B0, before_metaclass=1, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+   |                                  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FURB180
+32 |     pass
+   |
+   = help: Replace with `abc.ABC`
+
+ℹ Safe fix
+28 28 |     def foo(self): pass
+29 29 | 
+30 30 | 
+31    |-class A3(B0, before_metaclass=1, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
+   31 |+class A3(B0, abc.ABC, before_metaclass=1):
+32 32 |     pass
+33 33 | 
+34 34 | 
+
+