This library defines cache interfaces and provides in-memory implementations.
There are a few libraries that provide in-memory cache already, why another one?
This library addresses additional practical issues that are not usually covered by key-value storage concerns. It helps to improve performance and resiliency by gentle handling of cache misses and allows for comprehensive observability with fine control of caching behavior.
Please check this blog post for more details.
Failover is a cache frontend to manage cache updates in a
non-conflicting and performant way.
An instance can be created with NewFailover and functional
options.
Main API is a Get function that takes a key and a builder function. If value is available in cache, it is served from
cache and builder function is not invoked. If value is not available in cache, builder function is invoked and the
result is stored in cache.
// Get value from cache or the function.
v, err := f.Get(ctx, []byte("my-key"), func(ctx context.Context) (interface{}, error) {
// Build value or return error on failure.
return "<value>", nil
})Or, starting with go1.18 you can use generic API.
f := cache.NewFailoverOf[Dog](func(cfg *cache.FailoverConfigOf[Dog]) {
// Using last 30 seconds of 5m TTL for background update.
cfg.MaxStaleness = 30 * time.Second
cfg.BackendConfig.TimeToLive = 5*time.Minute - cfg.MaxStaleness
})
// Get value from cache or the function.
v, err := f.Get(ctx, []byte("my-key"), func(ctx context.Context) (Dog, error) {
// Build value or return error on failure.
return Dog{Name: "Snoopy"}, nil
})Additionally, there are few other aspects of behavior to optimize performance.
- Builder function is locked per key, so if the key needs a fresh value the builder function is only called once. All
the other
Getcalls for the same key are blocked until the value is available. This helps to avoid cache stampede problem when popular value is missing or expired. - If expired (stale) value is available, the value is refreshed with a short TTL (configured as
UpdateTTL) before the builder function is invoked. This immediately unblocks readers with a stale value and improves tail latency. - If the value has expired longer than
MaxStalenessago, stale value is not served and readers are blocked till the builder function return. - By default, if stale value is served, it is served to all readers, including the first reader who triggered builder
function. Builder function runs in background so that reader latency is not affected. This behavior can be changed
with
SyncUpdateoption, so that first reader who invokes builder function is blocked till result is ready instead of having stale value immediately. - If builder function fails, the error value is also cached and all consecutive calls for the key, would fail
immediately with same error for next 20 seconds (can be configured with
FailedUpdateTTL). This helps to avoid abusing building function when there is a persistent problem. For example, if you have 100 hits per second for a key that is updated from database and database is temporary down, errors caching prevents unexpected excessive load that usually hides behind value cache. - If builder function fails and stale value is available, stale value is served regardless of
MaxStaleness. This allows to reduce impact of temporary outages in builder function. This behavior can be disabled withFailHardoption, so that error is served instead of overly stale value.
Failover cache uses ReadWriter backend as a storage. By
default ShardedMap is created using BackendConfig.
It is recommended that separate caches are used for different entities, this helps observability on the sizes and
activity for particular entities. Cache Name can be configured to reflect the purpose. Additionally, Logger
and Stats tracker can be provided to collect operating information.
If ObserveMutability is enabled, Failover will also emit stats of how often the rebuilt value was different from the
previous. This may help to understand data volatility and come up with a better TTL value. The check is done
with reflect.DeepEqual and may affect performance.
ShardedMap
implements ReadWriter and few other behaviours with in-memory
storage sharded by key. It offers good performance for concurrent usage. Values can expire.
An instance can be created with NewShardedMap and
functional options.
Generic API is also available with NewShardedMapOf.
It is recommended that separate caches are used for different entities, this helps observability on the sizes and
activity for particular entities. Cache Name can be configured to reflect the purpose. Additionally, Logger
and Stats tracker can be provided to collect operating information.
Expiration is configurable with TimeToLive and defaults to 5 minutes. It can be changed to a particular key via
context by cache.WithTTL.
Actual TTL applied to a particular key is randomly altered in ±5% boundaries (configurable with ExpirationJitter),
this helps against synchronous cache expiration (and excessive load to refresh many values at the same time) in case
when many cache entries were created within a small timeframe (for example early after application startup). Expiration
jitter diffuses such synchronization for smoother load distribution.
Expired items are not deleted immediately to reduce the churn rate and to provide stale data for Failover cache.
All items are checked in background once an hour (configurable with DeleteExpiredJobInterval) and items that have
expired more than 24h ago (configurable with DeleteExpiredAfter) are removed.
Additionally, there are HeapInUseSoftLimit and CountSoftLimit to trigger eviction of 10% (configurable
with EvictFraction) entries if count of items or application heap in use exceeds the limit. Limit check and
optional eviction are triggered right after expired items check (in the same background job).
EvictionStrategy defines which entries would be evicted, by default EvictMostExpired is used.
It selects entries with the longest expiration overdue or those that are soonest to expire.
Alternatively EvictLeastRecentlyUsed (LRU) and EvictLeastFrequentlyUsed (LFU) can be used at cost
of minor performance impact (for updating counters on each cache serve).
Keep in mind that eviction happens in response to soft limits that are checked periodically, so
dataset may stay above eviction threshold, especially if EvictFraction combined with DeleteExpiredJobInterval
are lower than speed of growth.
ShardedMap
has ExpireAll function to mark all entries as
expired, so that they are updated on next read and are available as stale values in meantime, this function does not
affect memory usage.
In contrast, DeleteAll removes all entries and
frees the memory, stale values are not available after this operation.
Deleting or expiring all items in multiple caches can be done with help
of cache.Invalidator. Deletion/expiration function can be
appended to Invalidator.Callbacks and it will be triggered
on Invalidator.Invalidate. This may be useful as
a debugging/firefighting tool.
Deleting of multiple related (labeled) items can be done with
InvalidationIndex.
Len returns currently available number of entries (
including expired).
Walk iterates all entries and invokes a callback for
each entry, iteration stops if callback fails.
Cached entries can be dumped as a binary stream
with Dump and restored from a binary stream
with Restore, this may enable cache transfer between
the instances of an application to avoid cold state after startup. Binary serialization is done
with encoding/gob, cached types that are to be dumped/restored have to be
registered with cache.GobRegister.
Dumping and walking cache are non-blocking operations and are safe to use together with regular reads/writes, performance impact is expected to be negligible.
HTTPTransfer is a helper to transfer caches over HTTP.
Having multiple cache instances registered, it
provides Export HTTP handler that can be plugged
into the HTTP server and serve data for an Import
function of another application instance.
HTTPTransfer.Import fails if cached types differ
from the exporting application instance, for example because of different versions of applications. The check is based
on cache.GobTypesHash
that is calculated from cached structures
during cache.GobRegister.
SyncMap
implements ReadWriter and few other behaviours with in-memory
storage backed by standard sync.Map. It implements same behaviors
as ShardedMap and can be a replacement. There is slight performance difference in latency and
usually ShardedMap tends to consume less memory.
Context is propagated from parent goroutine to Failover and further to backend ReadWriter and builder function. In
addition to usual responsibilities (cancellation, tracing, etc...), context can carry cache options.
cache.WithTTLandcache.TTLto set and get time to live for a particular operation.cache.WithSkipReadandcache.SkipReadto set and get skip reading flag, if the flag is setReadfunction should returnErrNotFound, therefore bypassing cache. At the same timeWriteoperation is not affected by this flag, soSkipReadcan be used to force cache refresh.
A handy use case for cache.WithSkipRead could be to
implement a debug mode for request processing with no cache. Such debug mode can be implemented with HTTP (or other
transport) middleware that instruments context under certain conditions, for example if a special header is found in
request.
When builder function is invoked in background, the context is detached into a new one, derived context is not cancelled/failed/closed if parent context is.
For example, original context was created for an incoming HTTP request and was closed once response was written, meanwhile the cache update that was triggered in this context is still being processed in background. If original context was used, background processing would have been cancelled once parent HTTP request is fulfilled, leading to update failure.
Detached context makes background job continue even after the original context was legitimately closed.
Failover cache adds some overhead, but overall performance is still good (especially for IO-bound applications).
Please check detailed benchmarks.