feat: enable code cache for custom protocols

[trop]

Backport of #40544

See that PR for details.

Notes: Add an option in protocol.registerSchemesAsPrivileged to allow V8 code cache in custom schemes.

[ckerr]

linux-x64-testing-node failure appears to be a CI flake

not ok 430 parallel/test-cluster-shared-handle-bind-privileged-port # TODO : Fix flaky test
  ---
  duration_ms: 2866.31300
  severity: flaky
  exitcode: 1
  stack: |-
    node:assert:173
      throw err;
      ^
    
    AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: listen should have failed at /home/builduser/project/src/third_party/electron_node/test/parallel/test-cluster-shared-handle-bind-privileged-port.js:50
        at Server.mustNotCall (/home/builduser/project/src/third_party/electron_node/test/common/index.js:530:12)
        at Object.onceWrapper (node:events:628:28)
        at Server.emit (node:events:526:35)
        at emitListeningNT (node:net:1785:10)
        at process.processTicksAndRejections (node:internal/process/task_queues:81:21) {
      generatedMessage: false,
      code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
      actual: undefined,
      expected: undefined,
      operator: 'fail'
    }
    
    Node.js v18.17.1
    node:assert:126
      throw new AssertionError(obj);
      ^
    
    AssertionError [ERR_ASSERTION]: Expected values to be strictly equal:
    
    1 !== 0
    
        at Worker.<anonymous> (/home/builduser/project/src/third_party/electron_node/test/parallel/test-cluster-shared-handle-bind-privileged-port.js:46:12)
        at Worker.<anonymous> (/home/builduser/project/src/third_party/electron_node/test/common/index.js:452:15)
        at Worker.emit (node:events:514:28)
        at ChildProcess.<anonymous> (node:internal/cluster/primary:187:12)
        at Object.onceWrapper (node:events:629:26)
        at ChildProcess.emit (node:events:514:28)
        at Process.onexit (node:internal/child_process:291:12) {
      generatedMessage: true,
      code: 'ERR_ASSERTION',
      actual: 1,
      expected: 0,
      operator: 'strictEqual'
    }
    
    Node.js v18.17.1
  ...

[release-clerk]

Release Notes Persisted

Add an option in protocol.registerSchemesAsPrivileged to allow V8 code cache in custom schemes.