Add gauge metric API and Otel implementation (1.64.x backport) #11183
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This is needed by gRFC A78 for xds metrics, and for RLS metrics. Since gauges need to acquire a lock (or other synchronization) in the callback, the callback allows batching multiple gauges together to avoid acquiring-and-requiring such locks.
Unlike other metrics, gauges are reported on-demand to the MetricSink. This means not all sinks will receive the same data, as the sinks will ask for the gauges at different times.
Backport of #11154