Handle TS exceptions in no-string-based-x rules

[IllusionMH]

PR checklist

• Addresses an existing issue: fixes no-string-based-x rules throw errors in Vue SFC #859 (mitigates)
• New feature, bugfix, or enhancement
  • Includes tests
• Documentation update

Overview of change:

This PR does two things:

1. Defers type check to the moment when potential violation found.
2. Wraps all calls to typeChecker.getTypeAtLocation in try..catch and restores same behavir when type checker is not available.

This PR doesn't fix root cause of #859 but at least rules won't throw an exception.

Is there anything you'd like reviewers to focus on?

No unit tests for specific case because issue is noticeable in only in Vue. Should I add tests to handle this exceptional case?

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

LGTM, thanks for the extra runtime safety & source comments!

[IllusionMH]

Thanks for review!

[jwhitmarsh]

Thank you :)