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eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y

Static AST checker for accessibility rules on JSX elements.

Read this in other languages.

Mexican Spanish๐Ÿ‡ฒ๐Ÿ‡ฝ

Why?

This plugin does aย static evaluation of the JSX to spot accessibility issues in React apps. Because it only catches errors in static code, use it in combination with @axe-core/react to test the accessibility of the rendered DOM. Consider theseย toolsย just as one step of a larger a11y testing process andย always test your apps with assistive technology.

Installation

If you are installing this plugin via eslint-config-airbnb, please follow these instructions.

You'll first need to install ESLint:

# npm
npm install eslint --save-dev

# yarn
yarn add eslint --dev

Next, install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y:

# npm
npm install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y --save-dev

# yarn
yarn add eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y --dev

Note: If you installed ESLint globally (using the -g flag in npm, or the global prefix in yarn) then you must also install eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y globally.

Usage

Add jsx-a11y to the plugins section of your .eslintrc configuration file. You can omit the eslint-plugin- prefix:

{
  "plugins": ["jsx-a11y"]
}

Then configure the rules you want to use under the rules section.

{
  "rules": {
    "jsx-a11y/rule-name": 2
  }
}

You can also enable all the recommended or strict rules at once. Add plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended or plugin:jsx-a11y/strict in extends:

{
  "extends": ["plugin:jsx-a11y/recommended"]
}

As you are extending our configuration, you can omit "plugins": ["jsx-a11y"] from your .eslintrc configuration file.

To enable your custom components to be checked as DOM elements, you can set global settings in your configuration file by mapping each custom component name to a DOM element type.

{
  "settings": {
    "jsx-a11y": {
      "components": {
        "CityInput": "input",
        "CustomButton": "button",
        "MyButton": "button",
        "RoundButton": "button"
      }
    }
  }
}

Supported Rules

๐Ÿ’ผ Configurations enabled in.
๐Ÿšซ Configurations disabled in.
โ˜‘๏ธ Set in the recommended configuration.
๐Ÿ”’ Set in the strict configuration.
โŒ Deprecated.

Nameย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  Description ๐Ÿ’ผ ๐Ÿšซ โŒ
accessible-emoji Enforce emojis are wrapped in <span> and provide screenreader access. โŒ
alt-text Enforce all elements that require alternative text have meaningful information to relay back to end user. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
anchor-ambiguous-text Enforce <a> text to not exactly match "click here", "here", "link", or "a link". โ˜‘๏ธ
anchor-has-content Enforce all anchors to contain accessible content. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
anchor-is-valid Enforce all anchors are valid, navigable elements. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
aria-activedescendant-has-tabindex Enforce elements with aria-activedescendant are tabbable. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
aria-props Enforce all aria-* props are valid. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
aria-proptypes Enforce ARIA state and property values are valid. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
aria-role Enforce that elements with ARIA roles must use a valid, non-abstract ARIA role. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
aria-unsupported-elements Enforce that elements that do not support ARIA roles, states, and properties do not have those attributes. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
autocomplete-valid Enforce that autocomplete attributes are used correctly. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
click-events-have-key-events Enforce a clickable non-interactive element has at least one keyboard event listener. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
control-has-associated-label Enforce that a control (an interactive element) has a text label. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
heading-has-content Enforce heading (h1, h2, etc) elements contain accessible content. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
html-has-lang Enforce <html> element has lang prop. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
iframe-has-title Enforce iframe elements have a title attribute. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
img-redundant-alt Enforce <img> alt prop does not contain the word "image", "picture", or "photo". โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
interactive-supports-focus Enforce that elements with interactive handlers like onClick must be focusable. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
label-has-associated-control Enforce that a label tag has a text label and an associated control. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
label-has-for Enforce that <label> elements have the htmlFor prop. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’ โŒ
lang Enforce lang attribute has a valid value.
media-has-caption Enforces that <audio> and <video> elements must have a <track> for captions. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
mouse-events-have-key-events Enforce that onMouseOver/onMouseOut are accompanied by onFocus/onBlur for keyboard-only users. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-access-key Enforce that the accessKey prop is not used on any element to avoid complications with keyboard commands used by a screenreader. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-aria-hidden-on-focusable Disallow aria-hidden="true" from being set on focusable elements.
no-autofocus Enforce autoFocus prop is not used. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-distracting-elements Enforce distracting elements are not used. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role Interactive elements should not be assigned non-interactive roles. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-noninteractive-element-interactions Non-interactive elements should not be assigned mouse or keyboard event listeners. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role Non-interactive elements should not be assigned interactive roles. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-noninteractive-tabindex tabIndex should only be declared on interactive elements. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-onchange Enforce usage of onBlur over onChange on select menus for accessibility. โŒ
no-redundant-roles Enforce explicit role property is not the same as implicit/default role property on element. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
no-static-element-interactions Enforce that non-interactive, visible elements (such as <div>) that have click handlers use the role attribute. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
prefer-tag-over-role Enforces using semantic DOM elements over the ARIA role property.
role-has-required-aria-props Enforce that elements with ARIA roles must have all required attributes for that role. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
role-supports-aria-props Enforce that elements with explicit or implicit roles defined contain only aria-* properties supported by that role. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
scope Enforce scope prop is only used on <th> elements. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’
tabindex-no-positive Enforce tabIndex value is not greater than zero. โ˜‘๏ธ ๐Ÿ”’

The following rules have extra options when in recommended mode:

no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role

'jsx-a11y/no-interactive-element-to-noninteractive-role': [
  'error',
  {
    tr: ['none', 'presentation'],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-element-interactions

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
  'error',
  {
    handlers: [
      'onClick',
      'onMouseDown',
      'onMouseUp',
      'onKeyPress',
      'onKeyDown',
      'onKeyUp',
    ],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-to-interactive-role': [
  'error',
  {
    ul: [
      'listbox',
      'menu',
      'menubar',
      'radiogroup',
      'tablist',
      'tree',
      'treegrid',
    ],
    ol: [
      'listbox',
      'menu',
      'menubar',
      'radiogroup',
      'tablist',
      'tree',
      'treegrid',
    ],
    li: ['menuitem', 'option', 'row', 'tab', 'treeitem'],
    table: ['grid'],
    td: ['gridcell'],
  },
]

no-noninteractive-tabindex

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-tabindex': [
  'error',
  {
    tags: [],
    roles: ['tabpanel'],
  },
]

no-static-element-interactions

'jsx-a11y/no-noninteractive-element-interactions': [
  'error',
  {
    handlers: [
      'onClick',
      'onMouseDown',
      'onMouseUp',
      'onKeyPress',
      'onKeyDown',
      'onKeyUp',
    ],
  },
]

Creating a new rule

If you are developing new rules for this project, you can use the create-rule script to scaffold the new files.

./scripts/create-rule.js my-new-rule

Some background on WAI-ARIA, the AX Tree and Browsers

Accessibility API

An operating system will provide an accessibility API that maps application state and content onto input/output controllers such as a screen reader, braille device, keyboard, etc.

These APIs were developed as computer interfaces shifted from buffers (which are text-based and inherently quite accessible) to graphical user interfaces (GUIs). The first attempts to make GUIs accessible involved raster image parsing to recognize characters, words, etc. This information was stored in a parallel buffer and made accessible to assistive technology (AT) devices.

As GUIs became more complex, the raster parsing approach became untenable. Accessibility APIs were developed to replace them. Check out NSAccessibility (AXAPI) for an example. See Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1 for more details.

Browsers

Browsers support an Accessibility API on a per operating system basis. For instance, Firefox implements the MSAA accessibility API on Windows, but does not implement the AXAPI on OSX.

The Accessibility (AX) Tree & DOM

From the W3 Core Accessibility API Mappings 1.1

The accessibility tree and the DOM tree are parallel structures. Roughly speaking the accessibility tree is a subset of the DOM tree. It includes the user interface objects of the user agent and the objects of the document. Accessible objects are created in the accessibility tree for every DOM element that should be exposed to assistive technology, either because it may fire an accessibility event or because it has a property, relationship or feature which needs to be exposed. Generally, if something can be trimmed out it will be, for reasons of performance and simplicity. For example, a <span> with just a style change and no semantics may not get its own accessible object, but the style change will be exposed by other means.

Browser vendors are beginning to expose the AX Tree through inspection tools. Chrome has an experiment available to enable their inspection tool.

You can also see a text-based version of the AX Tree in Chrome in the stable release version.

Viewing the AX Tree in Chrome

  1. Navigate to chrome://accessibility/ in Chrome.
  2. Toggle the accessibility off link for any tab that you want to inspect.
  3. A link labeled show accessibility tree will appear; click this link.
  4. Balk at the wall of text that gets displayed, but then regain your conviction.
  5. Use the browser's find command to locate strings and values in the wall of text.

Pulling it all together

A browser constructs an AX Tree as a subset of the DOM. ARIA heavily informs the properties of this AX Tree. This AX Tree is exposed to the system level Accessibility API which mediates assistive technology agents.

We model ARIA in the aria-query project. We model AXObjects (that comprise the AX Tree) in the axobject-query project. The goal of the WAI-ARIA specification is to be a complete declarative interface to the AXObject model. The in-draft 1.2 version is moving towards this goal. But until then, we must consider the semantics constructs afforded by ARIA as well as those afforded by the AXObject model (AXAPI) in order to determine how HTML can be used to express user interface affordances to assistive technology users.

License

eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y is licensed under the MIT License.

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Static AST checker for a11y rules on JSX elements.

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