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doc: remove em dashes
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Our documentation uses em dashes inconsistently. They are treated
inconsistently typographically too. (For example, they are sometimes
surrounded by spaces and sometimes not.) They are also often confused
with ordinary hyphens such as in the CHANGELOG, where they are
inadvertently mixed together in a single list. The difference is
not obvious in the raw markdown but is very noticeable when rendered,
appearing to be a typographical error (which it in fact is).

The em dash is never needed. There are always alternatives. Remove em
dashes entirely.

PR-URL: #32080
Backport-PR-URL: #32149
Reviewed-By: Richard Lau <riclau@uk.ibm.com>
Reviewed-By: James M Snell <jasnell@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Luigi Pinca <luigipinca@gmail.com>
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Trott authored and BethGriggs committed Mar 9, 2020
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24 changes: 12 additions & 12 deletions CHANGELOG.md
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Expand Up @@ -2,18 +2,18 @@

Select a Node.js version below to view the changelog history:

* [Node.js 12](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V12.md) - **Current**
* [Node.js 11](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V11.md) - Current
* [Node.js 10](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V10.md) **Long Term Support**
* [Node.js 9](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V9.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 8](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V8.md) — Long Term Support
* [Node.js 7](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V7.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 6](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V6.md) — Long Term Support
* [Node.js 5](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V5.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 4](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V4.md) End-of-Life
* [io.js](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_IOJS.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 0.12](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V012.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 0.10](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V010.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 12](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V12.md) **Long Term Support**
* [Node.js 11](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V11.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 10](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V10.md) Long Term Support
* [Node.js 9](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V9.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 8](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V8.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 7](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V7.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 6](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V6.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 5](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V5.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 4](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V4.md) End-of-Life
* [io.js](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_IOJS.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 0.12](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V012.md) End-of-Life
* [Node.js 0.10](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_V010.md) End-of-Life
* [Archive](doc/changelogs/CHANGELOG_ARCHIVE.md)

Please use the following table to find the changelog for a specific Node.js
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/addons.md
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Expand Up @@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ NODE_MODULE_INIT(/* exports, module, context */) {
Once the source code has been written, it must be compiled into the binary
`addon.node` file. To do so, create a file called `binding.gyp` in the
top-level of the project describing the build configuration of the module
using a JSON-like format. This file is used by [node-gyp][] a tool written
using a JSON-like format. This file is used by [node-gyp][], a tool written
specifically to compile Node.js Addons.

```json
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions doc/api/errors.md
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Expand Up @@ -564,14 +564,14 @@ program. For a comprehensive list, see the [`errno`(3) man page][].
`ulimit -n 2048` in the same shell that will run the Node.js process.

- `ENOENT` (No such file or directory): Commonly raised by [`fs`][] operations
to indicate that a component of the specified pathname does not exist — no
to indicate that a component of the specified pathname does not exist. No
entity (file or directory) could be found by the given path.

- `ENOTDIR` (Not a directory): A component of the given pathname existed, but
was not a directory as expected. Commonly raised by [`fs.readdir`][].

- `ENOTEMPTY` (Directory not empty): A directory with entries was the target
of an operation that requires an empty directory usually [`fs.unlink`][].
of an operation that requires an empty directory, usually [`fs.unlink`][].

- `EPERM` (Operation not permitted): An attempt was made to perform an
operation that requires elevated privileges.
Expand All @@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ program. For a comprehensive list, see the [`errno`(3) man page][].

- `ETIMEDOUT` (Operation timed out): A connect or send request failed because
the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time. Usually
encountered by [`http`][] or [`net`][] — often a sign that a `socket.end()`
encountered by [`http`][] or [`net`][]. Often a sign that a `socket.end()`
was not properly called.

<a id="nodejs-error-codes"></a>
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6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions doc/api/http.md
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Expand Up @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ To use the HTTP server and client one must `require('http')`.
The HTTP interfaces in Node.js are designed to support many features
of the protocol which have been traditionally difficult to use.
In particular, large, possibly chunk-encoded, messages. The interface is
careful to never buffer entire requests or responses the
careful to never buffer entire requests or responses, so the
user is able to stream data.

HTTP message headers are represented by an object like this:
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ added: v0.1.29

Sends a chunk of the body. By calling this method
many times, a request body can be sent to a
server — in that case it is suggested to use the
server. In that case, it is suggested to use the
`['Transfer-Encoding', 'chunked']` header line when
creating the request.

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ affects new connections to the server, not any existing connections.
added: v0.1.17
-->

This object is created internally by an HTTP server not by the user. It is
This object is created internally by an HTTP server, not by the user. It is
passed as the second parameter to the [`'request'`][] event.

The response inherits from [Stream][], and additionally implements the
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/http2.md
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Expand Up @@ -2916,7 +2916,7 @@ Url {
added: v8.4.0
-->

This object is created internally by an HTTP server not by the user. It is
This object is created internally by an HTTP server, not by the user. It is
passed as the second parameter to the [`'request'`][] event.

The response inherits from [Stream][], and additionally implements the
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/modules.md
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Expand Up @@ -885,7 +885,7 @@ added: v0.3.7
* {Object}

Provides general utility methods when interacting with instances of
`Module` the `module` variable often seen in file modules. Accessed
`Module`, the `module` variable often seen in file modules. Accessed
via `require('module')`.

### module.builtinModules
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/net.md
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Expand Up @@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ added: v0.1.90
* Returns: {boolean}

Sends data on the socket. The second parameter specifies the encoding in the
case of a string — it defaults to UTF8 encoding.
case of a string. It defaults to UTF8 encoding.

Returns `true` if the entire data was flushed successfully to the kernel
buffer. Returns `false` if all or part of the data was queued in user memory.
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions doc/api/path.md
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Expand Up @@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ path.parse('/home/user/dir/file.txt');
│ root │ │ name │ ext │
" / home/user/dir / file .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting)
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
```

On Windows:
Expand All @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ path.parse('C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt');
│ root │ │ name │ ext │
" C:\ path\dir \ file .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting)
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
```

A [`TypeError`][] is thrown if `path` is not a string.
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/process.md
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Expand Up @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ rejection handler.

There is no notion of a top level for a `Promise` chain at which rejections can
always be handled. Being inherently asynchronous in nature, a `Promise`
rejection can be handled at a future point in time possibly much later than
rejection can be handled at a future point in time, possibly much later than
the event loop turn it takes for the `'unhandledRejection'` event to be emitted.

Another way of stating this is that, unlike in synchronous code where there is
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/api/url.md
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Expand Up @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ WHATWG URL's `origin` property includes `protocol` and `host`, but not
├─────────────┴─────────────────────┴────────────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────┴───────┤
│ href │
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
(all spaces in the "" line should be ignored — they are purely for formatting)
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
```

Parsing the URL string using the WHATWG API:
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion doc/guides/backporting-to-release-lines.md
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Expand Up @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ hint: and commit the result with 'git commit'
9. Open a pull request:
1. Be sure to target the `v8.x-staging` branch in the pull request.
1. Include the backport target in the pull request title in the following
format `[v8.x backport] <commit title>`.
format: `[v8.x backport] <commit title>`.
Example: `[v8.x backport] process: improve performance of nextTick`
1. Check the checkbox labeled "Allow edits from maintainers".
1. In the description add a reference to the original PR.
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions doc/guides/contributing/issues.md
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Expand Up @@ -89,8 +89,8 @@ around it. Some contributors may have differing opinions about the issue,
including whether the behavior being seen is a bug or a feature. This discussion
is part of the process and should be kept focused, helpful, and professional.

Short, clipped responsesthat provide neither additional context nor supporting
detailare not helpful or professional. To many, such responses are simply
Short, clipped responses that provide neither additional context nor supporting
detail are not helpful or professional. To many, such responses are simply
annoying and unfriendly.

Contributors are encouraged to help one another make forward progress as much
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