GitHub Action to lint Python code

[cclauss]

Ruff supports over 500 lint rules and can be used to replace Flake8 (plus dozens of plugins), isort, pydocstyle, yesqa, eradicate, pyupgrade, and autoflake, all while executing (in Rust) tens or hundreds of times faster than any individual tool.

The ruff Action uses minimal steps to run in ~10 seconds, rapidly providing intuitive GitHub Annotations to contributors.

[webknjaz]

I'm not sure if we really want ruff in GHA. All the linters are consolidated in pre-commit so that'd be the correct place to put the invocation in — it allows running the same checks locally as in pre-commit.ci.

But if I were to accept the GHA implementation (maybe, additionally, even through a pre-commit run that invokes just one check), here are some concerns:

• I don't think it's needed to apply event trigger branch filters.
• I know that some people don't like annotations. I used to integrate them a lot and got feedback that they may clutter the diff view, especially since they don't clear out on new PR commits. I don't have a strong opinion on this, but it is something to consider. Reporting to Job Summaries might be less distracting.
• I'd want the linting job to run in the same workflow as smoke-testing and have a https://github.com/marketplace/actions/alls-green job integrated for the consolidated check.
• Our target version is Python 3.11 — this is what the container runtime uses.