Add initial i18n documentation

docs/advanced-features/i18n-routing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+# Internationalized Routing
+
+<details>
+  <summary><b>Examples</b></summary>
+  <ul>
+    <li><a href="https://github.com/vercel/next.js/tree/canary/examples/i18n-routing">i18n routing</a></li>
+  </ul>
+</details>
+
+Next.js has built-in support for internationalized ([i18n](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization#Naming)) routing since `v10.0.0`. You can provide a list of locales, the default locale, and domain-specific locales and Next.js will automatically handle the routing.
+
+The i18n routing support is currently meant to complement existing i18n library solutions like `react-intl`, `react-i18next`, `lingui`, `rosetta`, and others by streamlining the routes and locale parsing.
+
+## Getting started
+
+To get started, add the `i18n` config to your `next.config.js` file.
+
+Locales are [UTS Locale Identifiers](https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/tr35-59/tr35.html#Identifiers), a standardized format for defining locales.
+
+Generally a Locale Identifier is made up of a language, region, and script separated by a dash: `language-region-script`. The region and script are optional. An example:
+
+- `en-US` - English as spoken in the United States
+- `nl-NL` - Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands
+- `nl` - Dutch, no specific region
+
+```js
+// next.config.js
+module.exports = {
+  i18n: {
+    // These are all the locales you want to support in
+    // your application
+    locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'],
+    // This is the default locale you want to be used when visiting
+    // a non-locale prefixed path e.g. `/hello`
+    defaultLocale: 'en-US',
+    // This is a list of locale domains and the default locale they
+    // should handle (these are only required when setting up domain routing)
+    domains: [
+      {
+        domain: 'example.com',
+        defaultLocale: 'en-US',
+      },
+      {
+        domain: 'example.nl',
+        defaultLocale: 'nl-NL',
+      },
+      {
+        domain: 'example.fr',
+        defaultLocale: 'fr',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+}
+```
+
+## Locale Strategies
+
+There are two locale handling strategies: Sub-path Routing and Domain Routing.
+
+### Sub-path Routing
+
+Sub-path Routing puts the locale in the url path.
+
+```js
+// next.config.js
+module.exports = {
+  i18n: {
+    locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'],
+    defaultLocale: 'en-US',
+  },
+}
+```
+
+With the above configuration `en-US`, `fr`, and `nl-NL` will be available to be routed to, and `en-US` is the default locale. If you have a `pages/blog.js` the following urls would be available:
+
+- `/blog`
+- `/fr/blog`
+- `/nl-nl/blog`
+
+The default locale does not have a prefix.
+
+### Domain Routing
+
+By using domain routing you can configure locales to be served from different domains:
+
+```js
+// next.config.js
+module.exports = {
+  i18n: {
+    locales: ['en-US', 'fr', 'nl-NL'],
+    defaultLocale: 'en-US',
+
+    domains: [
+      {
+        domain: 'example.com',
+        defaultLocale: 'en-US',
+      },
+      {
+        domain: 'example.fr',
+        defaultLocale: 'fr',
+      },
+      {
+        domain: 'example.nl',
+        defaultLocale: 'nl-NL',
+      },
+    ],
+  },
+}
+```
+
+For example if you have `pages/blog.js` the following urls will be available:
+
+- `example.com/blog`
+- `example.fr/blog`
+- `example.nl/blog`
+
+## Automatic Locale Detection
+
+When a user visits the application root (generally `/`), Next.js will try to automatically detect which locale the user prefers based on the [`Accept-Language`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Language) header and the current domain.
+
+If a locale other than the default locale is detected, the user will be redirected to either:
+
+- **When using Sub-path Routing:** The locale prefixed path
+- **When using Domain Routing:** The domain with that locale specified as the default
+
+When using Domain Routing, if a user with the `Accept-Language` header `fr;q=0.9` visits `example.com`, they will be redirected to `example.fr` since that domain handles the `fr` locale by default.
+
+When using Sub-path Routing, the user would be redirected to `/fr`.
+
+## Accessing the locale information
+
+You can access the locale information via the Next.js router. For example, using the [`useRouter()`](https://nextjs.org/docs/api-reference/next/router#userouter) hook the following properties are available:
+
+- `locale` contains the currently active locale.
+- `locales` contains all configured locales.
+- `defaultLocale` contains the configured default locale.
+
+When [pre-rendering](/docs/basic-features/pages#static-generation-recommended) pages with `getStaticProps` or `getServerSideProps`, the locale information is provided in [the context](https://nextjs.org/docs/basic-features/data-fetching#getstaticprops-static-generation) provided to the function.
+
+When leveraging `getStaticPaths`, the supported locales are provided in the context parameter of the function under `locales`.
+
+## Transition between locales
+
+You can use `next/link` or `next/router` to transition between locales.
+
+For `next/link`, a `locale` prop can be provided to transition to a different locale from the currently active one. If no `locale` prop is provided, the currently active `locale` is used during client-transitions. For example:
+
+```jsx
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function IndexPage(props) {
+  return (
+    <Link href="/another" locale="fr">
+      <a>To /fr/another</a>
+    </Link>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+When using the `next/router` methods directly, you can specify the `locale` that should be used via the transition options. For example:
+
+```jsx
+import { useRouter } from 'next/router'
+
+export default function IndexPage(props) {
+  const router = useRouter()
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      onClick={() => {
+        router.push('/another', '/another', { locale: 'fr' })
+      }}
+    >
+      to /fr/another
+    </div>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+If you have a `href` that already includes the locale you can opt-out of automatically handling the locale prefixing:
+
+```jsx
+import Link from 'next/link'
+
+export default function IndexPage(props) {
+  return (
+    <Link href="/fr/another" locale={false}>
+      <a>To /fr/another</a>
+    </Link>
+  )
+}
+```
+
+## Search Engine Optimization
+
+Since Next.js knows what language the user is visiting it will automatically add the `lang` attribute to the `<html>` tag.
+
+Next.js doesn't know about variants of a page so it's up to you to add the `hreflang` meta tags using [`next/head`](/docs/api-reference/next/head.md). You can learn more about `hreflang` in the [Google Webmasters documentation](https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/189077).
+
+## How does this work with Static Generation?
+
+### Automatically Statically Optimized Pages
+
+For pages that are automatically statically optimized, a version of the page will be generated for each locale.
+
+### Non-dynamic getStaticProps Pages
+
+For non-dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, a version is generated for each locale like above. `getStaticProps` is called with each `locale` that is being rendered. If you would like to opt-out of a certain locale from being pre-rendered, you can return `notFound: true` from `getStaticProps` and this variant of the page will not be generated.
+
+```js
+export async function getStaticProps({ locale }) {
+  // Call an external API endpoint to get posts.
+  // You can use any data fetching library
+  const res = await fetch(`https://.../posts?locale=${locale}`)
+  const posts = await res.json()
+
+  if (posts.length === 0) {
+    return {
+      notFound: true,
+    }
+  }
+
+  // By returning { props: posts }, the Blog component
+  // will receive `posts` as a prop at build time
+  return {
+    props: {
+      posts,
+    },
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Dynamic getStaticProps Pages
+
+For dynamic `getStaticProps` pages, any locale variants of the page that is desired to be prerendered needs to be returned from [`getStaticPaths`](/docs/basic-features/data-fetching#getstaticpaths-static-generation). Along with the `params` object that can be returned for the `paths`, you can also return a `locale` field specifying which locale you want to render. For example:
+
+```js
+// pages/blog/[slug].js
+export const getStaticPaths = ({ locales }) => {
+  return {
+    paths: [
+      { params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'en-US' },
+      { params: { slug: 'post-1' }, locale: 'fr' },
+    ],
+    fallback: true,
+  }
+}
+```

docs/api-reference/next/router.md

@@ -43,7 +43,12 @@ The following is the definition of the `router` object returned by both [`useRou
 
 - `pathname`: `String` - Current route. That is the path of the page in `/pages`
 - `query`: `Object` - The query string parsed to an object. It will be an empty object during prerendering if the page doesn't have [data fetching requirements](/docs/basic-features/data-fetching.md). Defaults to `{}`
-- `asPath`: `String` - Actual path (including the query) shown in the browser
+- `asPath`: `String` - Actual path (including the query) shown in the browser.
+- `isFallback`: `boolean` - Whether the current page is in [fallback mode](/docs/basic-features/data-fetching#fallback-pages).
+- `basePath`: `String` - The active [basePath](/docs/api-reference/next.config.js/basepath) (if enabled).
+- `locale`: `String` - The active locale (if enabled).
+- `locales`: `String[]` - All supported locales (if enabled).
+- `defaultLocale`: `String` - The current default locale (if enabled).
 
 Additionally, the following methods are also included inside `router`:
 

docs/basic-features/data-fetching.md

@@ -54,11 +54,14 @@ The `context` parameter is an object containing the following keys:
 - `params` contains the route parameters for pages using dynamic routes. For example, if the page name is `[id].js` , then `params` will look like `{ id: ... }`. To learn more, take a look at the [Dynamic Routing documentation](/docs/routing/dynamic-routes.md). You should use this together with `getStaticPaths`, which we’ll explain later.
 - `preview` is `true` if the page is in the preview mode and `undefined` otherwise. See the [Preview Mode documentation](/docs/advanced-features/preview-mode.md).
 - `previewData` contains the preview data set by `setPreviewData`. See the [Preview Mode documentation](/docs/advanced-features/preview-mode.md).
+- `locale` contains the active locale (if enabled).
+- `locales` contains all supported locales (if enabled).
 
 `getStaticProps` should return an object with:
 
 - `props` - A **required** object with the props that will be received by the page component. It should be a [serializable object](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialization)
 - `revalidate` - An **optional** amount in seconds after which a page re-generation can occur. More on [Incremental Static Regeneration](#incremental-static-regeneration)
+- `notFound` - An optional boolean value to allow the page to return a 404 status and page. More on [Incremental Static Regeneration](#incremental-static-regeneration)
 
 > **Note**: You can import modules in top-level scope for use in `getStaticProps`.
 > Imports used in `getStaticProps` will [not be bundled for the client-side](#write-server-side-code-directly).