feat(bzlmod): support archive_override in go_deps

[tyler-french]

What type of PR is this?

Feature

What package or component does this PR mostly affect?

bzlmod/go_deps

What does this PR do? Why is it needed?

This adds the ability to specify a custom archive to a go_deps repository.

It can be used as part of the new tag archive_override:

go_deps.archive_override(
    urls = [
        "https://github.com/bazelbuild/buildtools/archive/refs/tags/v6.1.2.tar.gz",
    ],
    strip_prefix = "buildtools-6.1.2",
    path = "github.com/bazelbuild/buildtools",
    sha256 = "977a0bd4593c8d4c8f45e056d181c35e48aa01ad4f8090bdb84f78dca42f47dc",
)

Which issues(s) does this PR fix?

Fixes #1560

Other notes for review

Tested in Uber's Go Monorepo, by overwriting to a bad URL:

Repository rule go_download_sdk_rule defined at:
  /home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/rules_go~0.41.0/go/private/sdk.bzl:137:39: in <toplevel>
ERROR: /home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/rules_go~0.41.0/proto/BUILD.bazel:64:19: @rules_go~0.41.0//proto:gogoslick_proto depends on @gazelle~override~go_deps~com_github_gogo_protobuf//proto:go_default_library in repository @gazelle~override~go_deps~com_github_gogo_protobuf which failed to fetch. no such package '@gazelle~override~go_deps~com_github_gogo_protobuf//proto': java.io.IOException: Error downloading [https://github.com/BADURL/archive/refs/tagggs/v1.3.2.zip] to /home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/gazelle~override~go_deps~com_github_gogo_protobuf/temp13642560055428541504/v1.3.2.zip: GET returned 404 Not Found
ERROR: Analysis of target '...' failed; build aborted: 

Tested failure on duplicate overrides:

ERROR: Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "/home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/gazelle~override/internal/bzlmod/go_deps.bzl", line 196, column 27, in _go_deps_impl
                _process_overrides(module, "archive_override", archive_overrides, _process_archive_override, module_overrides)
        File "/home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/gazelle~override/internal/bzlmod/go_deps.bzl", line 103, column 41, in _process_overrides
                _fail_on_duplicate_overrides(override_tag.path, module.name, additional_overrides)
        File "/home/user/.cache/bazel/_bazel_tfrench/b97476d719d716accead0f2d5b93104f/external/gazelle~override/internal/bzlmod/go_deps.bzl", line 44, column 13, in _fail_on_duplicate_overrides
                fail("Multiple overrides defined for Go module path \"{}\" in module \"{}\".".format(path, module_name))
Error in fail: Multiple overrides defined for Go module path "github.com/gogo/protobuf" in module "go-code".

[fmeum]

@tyler-french Friendly ping :⁠-⁠)

[fmeum]

Looks good, I especially like the cleaned up override processing!