feat(babel): write new inline Platform module plugin

[EvanBacon]

Why

• The upstream module has a lot of concessions for legacy features that don't appear to be used anymore, like importing from a module named require("Platform") (Haste).
• We also want to combine the dev inlining with our other inlines via feat(babel): minify typeof window #27530
• I've also added correct handling for web, where we'll now remove the native fallback option.
• Finally, I added support for Platform["OS"].

Test Plan

• Added a bunch of tests for the expected functionality.

Checklist

• Documentation is up to date to reflect these changes (eg: https://docs.expo.dev and README.md).
• Conforms with the Documentation Writing Style Guide
• This diff will work correctly for npx expo prebuild & EAS Build (eg: updated a module plugin).