chore: bump Node to ESLint 8.0 ranges

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

Part of #3738: switches Node ranges to the "^12.22.0 || ^14.17.0 || >=16.0.0" supported by ESLint 8.0.

Refs: eslint/eslint#14023, eslint/eslint#14592

[typescript-eslint]

Thanks for the PR, @JoshuaKGoldberg!

typescript-eslint is a 100% community driven project, and we are incredibly grateful that you are contributing to that community.

The core maintainers work on this in their personal time, so please understand that it may not be possible for them to review your work immediately.

Thanks again!

---

🙏 Please, if you or your company is finding typescript-eslint valuable, help us sustain the project by sponsoring it transparently on https://opencollective.com/typescript-eslint. As a thank you, your profile/company logo will be added to our main README which receives thousands of unique visitors per day.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3767 (7a053cf) into v5 (a752638) will increase coverage by 0.56%.
The diff coverage is n/a.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##               v5    #3767      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   92.68%   93.25%   +0.56%     
==========================================
  Files         327      289      -38     
  Lines       11351    10943     -408     
  Branches     3201     3143      -58     
==========================================
- Hits        10521    10205     -316     
+ Misses        369      280      -89     
+ Partials      461      458       -3     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittest	93.25% <ø> (+0.56%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
...ackages/experimental-utils/src/ts-eslint/Linter.ts
...tal-utils/src/ast-utils/eslint-utils/predicates.ts
...ges/experimental-utils/src/ts-eslint/SourceCode.ts
...-utils/src/ast-utils/eslint-utils/scopeAnalysis.ts
...l-utils/src/eslint-utils/batchedSingleLineTests.ts
...xperimental-utils/src/ts-eslint-scope/Reference.ts
...rimental-utils/src/ts-eslint-scope/ScopeManager.ts
...ackages/experimental-utils/src/ts-eslint/ESLint.ts
packages/eslint-plugin-tslint/src/rules/config.ts
packages/experimental-utils/src/json-schema.ts
... and 28 more

[nx-cloud]

Nx Cloud Report

CI ran the following commands for commit 7a053cf. Click to see the status, the terminal output, and the build insights.

📂 See all runs for this branch

Status	Command
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin-tslint
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin-internal
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin-tslint
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin-tslint
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin-tslint
	nx test @typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin
	nx test @typescript-eslint/parser
	nx test @typescript-eslint/experimental-utils
	nx test @typescript-eslint/parser
	nx test @typescript-eslint/parser
	nx test @typescript-eslint/parser
	nx test @typescript-eslint/scope-manager
	nx test @typescript-eslint/experimental-utils
	nx test @typescript-eslint/scope-manager
	nx test @typescript-eslint/experimental-utils
	nx test @typescript-eslint/experimental-utils
	nx test @typescript-eslint/scope-manager

---

Sent with 💌 from NxCloud.

[bradzacher]

LGTM - thanks for this!